African

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African Imperialism
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Scramble for Africa
Berlin Conference
In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves,
European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to
set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans
were invited.
Berlin Conference
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Scramble for Africa
Berlin Conference
The European powers agreed that before they could
claim territory they would have to set up an
outpost. Whoever was the first to build the
outpost gained that area of land.
Berlin Conference
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Northern Africa

• Fought over by the French, British, Italians
• Morocco, Algeria, Libya

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Scramble for Africa
In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with
Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw
materials, the other European nations scrambled
to establish their presence on the continent.
King Leopold
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Adventure Is Out There
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The Boers
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Southern Africa
The Boers
AFRICA
In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known as Boers
settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The
Boers built Cape Town as a supply station.
In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters
began to move north. The British then acquired
Cape Colony in the early 1800s.
Boers
Cape Colony
Cape Colony
Cape Town
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Southern Africa
The Anglo-Boer War
In the late 1800s, the discovery of gold and
diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off
the Anglo-Boer war.
The war was from 1899-1902 and involved bitter
guerrilla fighting. The British won, but at a
great cost.
British
Boers
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Boers
Boers
British
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The Zulus
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Southern Africa
The Zulus
Shaka Zulu
In the early 1800s in southern Africa, an African
leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to
form the Zulu nation.
Zulu Nation
Cape Colony
Cape Town
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Southern Africa
The Zulus
The Zulus were skilled and organized fighters.
Shaka used his power and fought against European
slave traders and ivory hunters.
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Southern Africa
The Zulus
The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated
north from Cape Colony.
Zulu Nation
Boers
Cape Colony
Cape Town
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Southern Africa
The Anglo-Zulu War
The Zulus came into conflict with the British as
well. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out a British
force at the battle of Isandlwana.
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Southern Africa
The Anglo-Zulu War
However, it was not long before the superior
weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus at the
battle of Rorkes Drift.
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Southern Africa
European Territory
AFRICA
In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British
established the Republic of South Africa and
instituted apartheid.
Apartheid government policy calling for
separation of the races.
South Africa
Cape Colony
Cape Town
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Europeans In Africa
Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Belgium
Europeans In Africa By 1914
Portugal
Spain
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Britains claims in Africa were second in size
only to France, but included heavily populated
areas with greater natural resources.
British Territory
Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic
location.

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France was very powerful in North Africa, and
later spread into West and Central Africa. The
territory France controlled was as large as the
United States.
French Territory

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The newly formed German empire had to fight many
battles against African natives to take lands in
the southern half of Africa.
German Territory
Germany would lose its colonial territories after
its loss in World War I.

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The Italians crossed the Mediterranean and
conquered Libya. They then took Somaliland in
the horn of Africa, but were beaten badly by the
Ethiopians.
Italian Territory

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King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited
the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the
natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten,
and killed.
Belgium Territory

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Although the leaders of the old imperialism, the
African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were
minimal.
Portuguese Territory

Spanish Territory

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Liberia and Ethiopia
Independent Africans
After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists
in the United States promoted the idea of
returning freed slaves to Africa.
In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free
slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves
named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.
President Monroe
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Liberia

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Liberia and Ethiopia
Independent Africans
The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a
successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik
II modernized the army, along with roads,
bridges, and schools.
When the Italians invaded they were defeated so
badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to
take Ethiopia.
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Ethiopia

Menelik
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Effects of Imperialism
Positive Results Negative Results
1. Unified national states created 1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders
2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition 2. Created population explosion ? famine
3. Increased agricultural production 3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans
4. Improved transportation and communication facilities 4. Exploited natural resources minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights.
5. Expanded educational opportunities 5. Downgraded traditional African culture ? westernization
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Effects of Imperialism
European Imperialism by 1914
Britain France Germany Belgium
Home Area (Square Miles) 94,000 212,600 210,000 11,800
Home Population (Millions) 45.5 42 67.5 8.3
Global Colonial Area (Millions of Sq. Miles) 13.1 4.3 1.1 .94
Global Colonial Population (Millions) 470 65 13 13