(????): be ~ing => ???

1
lt ?? ? ?? ?? gt
2
? ?? gt ?? (???) ? ??? ??
(????) be ing gt ??? (????) be p.p.
gt ???
have p.p. gt ???

• He was swimming in the river.

• The work must be done by him.

• I have been sick since last Sunday.

A) ??? ??
(1) ???? ???, ?? ?? (2) ???? ?? ??
The barking dog does not bite. (?? ??) Look at
the boy running along the street. (?? ??)
Look at that broken window. He has many books
written in English.
3
B) ??? ??
(1) ???? (2) ??? ??

• The student came running.
• He sat surrounded by the children.
• I was excited.(???) ?
• It was exciting.(???)

interested, bored, surprised interesting,boring,s
urprising

• I saw him crossing the bridge.
• He heard his name called.

? have(get)OP.P?????? ??????
? I will have (get) my hair cut today. ? I
had my purse stolen.

• I had the car washed by Tom.
  ?haveO(?)P.P
• gtI had the car.
  ?have? ??
• I got my
  dress.?get? to???
• gtI got my dress made by the tailor.?getO(?)P.P

Tom wash
the tailor to make
4
?????(????)
???? ?? ?? ????
??1. ???(???) ??? ???. 2. ??? ???
?? ??? ?? ? ?? 3. ??? ??? ????? ??
A) ??,?( when, as, while, after)

• When he saw his dog, he said, Go home.
• gt
• While I was walking along the street, I met
  Tom.
• gt

Seeing his dog, he said, Go home.
Walking along the street, I met Tom.
B) ??, ??( because, as, since)

• As she is kind, she is loved by everybody.
• gt
• Since I live in the country, I have few
  visitors.
• gt

Being kind, she is loved by everybody.
Living in the country, I have few visitors.
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C) ?? (if)

• If you turn to the left, you will find the
  hospital.
• gt

Turning to the left, you will find the hospital.
D) ?? (though)

• Though I live next door, I seldom see him.
• gt

Living next door, I seldom see him.
E) ???? (1) ???? as, while gt ???
(2) ??? ?? and ??
(1) ???? as, while gt ???

• As she was listening to music, she was reading a
  book.
• gt
• gt
• While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
• gt

Listening to music, she was reading a book.
Reading a book, she was listening to music.
Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
6

• As we sang and danced together, we had a good
  time.
• gt
• gt

Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
We had a good time singing and dancing together.
(2) ??? ?? and ??

• I started at nine, and arrived there at night.
• gt I started at nine,
• He picked up a stone, and threw it at a dog.
• gt He picked up a stone,

arriving there at night.
throwing it at a dog.

• ? ?? ???? ??
• She sat there with her eyes closed.
• He worked with his new clothes on.

• ? ???? ?? ??gt???? ??? ?? ??
• He often makes mistakes (when) speaking English.

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????? ?? not(never) ??

• As I do not know his address, I cannot write to
  him.
• gt
• As I did not receive any answer, I wrote to him
  again.
• gt

Not knowing his address, I cannot write to him.
Not receiving any answer, I wrote to him again.
???? ????

• As he was surprised at the news, he could say
  nothing.
• gt
• gt

Being surprised at the news, he could say nothing.
Surprised at the news, he could say nothing.
???? ????

• After he had finished the work, he went to bed.
• gt
• As I have done my homework, I can play now.
• gt

Having finished the work, he went to bed.
Having done my homework, I can play now.
8
???????
?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??

• As it was fine, we went out for a walk.
• gt
• When school was over, I went to the game room.
• gt

It being fine, we went out for a walk.
School being over, I went to the game room.
???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??

• ( If we speak generally, the earth is round.)
• gt Generally speaking, the earth is round.
• ???? ?? ???
• Considering his age, he looks young.
• ? ? ????,? ???
• gt If we consider his age, he looks young.
  

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? generally speaking (????? ???)
strictly speaking (??? ???) frankly
speaking (??? ???) honestly speaking
(???? ???) truthfully speaking
(????? ???) subjectively speaking (?????
???) roughly speaking (?? ???)
objectively speaking (????? ???) ? talking of
? ??? ? judging from ? ????