Ms. Moynihan

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Earth ScienceUnit 1

• Ms. Moynihan

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• Unit 1
• 1) The Nature of Science
• What is science?
• What is Earth Science?
• Scientific Methods of Inquiry
• Designing an Experiment
• Marshmallow Challenge Lab
• Using Scientific Tools
• Graph Analysis Lab

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• Unit 1
• 2) Earth as a System
• The Earths 4 Sphere
• 3) Models of Earth
• Modeling the Planet
• Mapmaking
• Topographical Maps
• Contour Lines

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Vocabulary

• Rate of Change
• Direct relationship
• Indirect relationship
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Density
• Lithosphere
• Topography
• Elevation
• Contour Lines
• Contour interval
• Gradient

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International Date Line
CANADA
USA
Australia
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Time Zones
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(No Transcript)
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Astrolabe

• Measures the angle between the horizon and an
  object in the sky.

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Definitions

• Altitude the angular distance of an object
  above the horizon.
• Celestial Sphere A model of the nighttime sky
  that appears like a large dome with the highest
  point directly overhead called the zenith and the
  edge the horizon.

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Topographic Map

• What does a topographic map show you?
• A topographic map shows you elevation of the
  landscape including natural and man made
  features.
• Examples mountains, plateaus, river valleys,
  wells, plains, etc.

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Video

• Introduction to Topographic Maps
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzqPMYGDxCr0

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Constructing
A
Field Map
From RegentsEarth.com
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How to draw Isolines

• An isoline is a line connecting points of equal
  value.

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Rules for Drawing Isolines

• Example 1
• 1. Isolines connect points of equal value.

?5
?5
?10
?10
?10
?10
?15
?15
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• 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp
  corners.

?5
?5
?10
?10
?10
?10
?15
?15
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• 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though
  the map might only show part of it.

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REVIEW
ISOLINE A line on a map connecting all points of
equal value
980
980
976
980
976
Contour NTERVAL The numerical distance between
isolines.
972
976
972
972
972
976
980
The interval is 4mb.
976
976
980
!
980
980
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Rate of Change
A student released a balloon and recorded data on
the graph (left). According to the graph at what
rate did the balloon rise from time 5 minutes to
time 10 minutes?
a) 5000 m/min c) 200 m/min b) 1000
m/min d) 50 m/min
Review Determine Rate of Change between 5 10
min!
2000-1000m 1000 m ------------------
--------- ____ m/min 10-5 min 5
min.
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Definitions

• Topography An areas natural and man-made
  surfaces.
• Contour Lines Represents relief, elevation and
  slope.
• Elevation height above sea level
• Contour Interval The change in elevation from
  one contour line to the next.

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Definitions

• Gradient The distance between one contour line
  and the next shows its gradient. The gradient is
  the steepness of a slope.
• Gradient change in elevation (meters)
• distance covered (km or miles)

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Calculating Gradient

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vKxeBAxUd4OU

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Here we have another contour map. Your job is to
construct a profile along a straight line from
points A to B.
A slightly different situation
The problem is that the grid on which the profile
is to be constructed is in the answer booklet on
a completely different page.
To make matters worse, the line A-B on this map
is on a slant.
What to do?
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Gradient

• Gradient of line x-y
• a) Gradient change in field value
• distance covered (m)
• ___310-115__meters 195 m
• ? miles 15 mi.
• c) _13__m/miles

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Gradient

• Gradient of line x-y
• a) Gradient change in field value
• distance covered (m)
• ___550-520__feet 30 ft.
• ? miles 9 mi.
• c) _3.3__feet/miles

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How To Draw
Map
PROFILES
From RegentsEarth.com
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This topographic map shows a region of space (a
field) as it would appear if you were directly
above it.
convert this above view into a side-ways view,
a graph or profile of the region from point A
to point B.
You will need a pencil and a ruler.
First draw a line from point A to point B.
At every point where line A-B crosses a contour
line you will have to draw a line straight down
to the corresponding line on the grid below.
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Make a small mark at each point where you will
draw a line.
By counting these marks, there are 16 of them,
you will know that you must draw 16 lines.
The first mark you made was at point A. Notice
that point A is on the 200m contour line. You
must now draw a vertical line from point A
to the 200m line on the grid below.
The next mark is on the 300m contour line. Draw
a vertical line from that mark to the 300m line
on the grid below.
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Now continue to draw straight, vertical lines
from each mark to the appropriate line on
the grid below.
Using a pencil, connect the bottoms of the lines.
Try to connect them with one smooth, curving line
rather than a series of short, straight ones.
Please notice that here the line went above
500m but well below 600m.
Thats because this area of the map is above
500m but less than 600m. We know this because
there is no 600m contour line here.
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The same principle applies here.
Your line must go below the 300m line and
above the 200m line.
Thats because if you were standing here you
would be between the 200m and the 300m contour
lines.
And again, if you were here your altitude would
be more than 600m but less than 800m (there is
no 800m contour line on this map).
Therefore you must be careful to make your
line here go above 600m and below 800m.
Make it OBVIOUS! Make your lines go in the
middle between the grid lines so anyone scoring
your profile will understand.
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OK. Final check.
You were supposed to draw 16 lines. Did you?
Are the lines you drew straight, parallel
and vertical?
Are all the lines drawn to the proper grid line?
Do your peaks and valleys go obviously
between grid lines?
Why bother checking?
Because most students lose points not
because they dont know how to do this............
.....
but because theyre
NOT CAREFUL!
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Here we have a contour map. Construct a profile
along a straight line from points A to B.
Contour Map
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Using the contour interval below the map,
carefully label each contour line crossed by line
A-B with its elevation.
STEP ONE
520
510
530
530
520
540
520
510
530
Make sure you dont label this line........
Its not a contour line. Its Colden Creek.
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Place a blank piece of paper (here shaded blue)
over the map just under line A-B.
STEP TWO
520
510
530
530
Make a small mark on the paper by each contour
line.
520
540
520
510
530
A
Now label each mark with the value of the contour
line it represents.
550
B
and label A and B so youll know which end is
which.
Reminder The number 533 is the maximum elevation
of Aurora Hill and the triangle marks that spot.
It is NOT a contour line and should be ignored.
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This is the grid as it appears in the answer
booklet provided with the regents. You are to
construct your profile on this grid.
STEP THREE
Take the paper you marked with the contour line
values and line it up below the grid so that the
A mark on the paper is below A on the grid
and the B mark on the paper is below B on
the grid.
Now, just as you did in the first example, take a
straight edge and carefully make an X on the grid
correspond- ing to each value on the paper
below. The X for points A and B have been made
for you.
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STEP THREE
Many students prefer to draw the lines but you do
not have to. You can just put in the Xs
Now connect the Xs using a single, smooth,
curving line.
Be sure your peaks and valleys go above and
below grid lines just as in the first example.
x
x
x
x
x
x
One last check. You were supposed to have
marked 10 points on this grid. Are they all there?
x
x
YES! Counting the points marked for you (A and
B) there are 10 Xs.
WELL DONE!
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Finding the DistanceBetween Two Pointsin New
York State
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Take out your ESRT(Earth Science Reference
Tables)
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Question What is the distance, in miles between
Ithaca and Watertown, NY?
Earth Science Reference Table Page 3 Generalized
bedrock of NY State
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Find the two cities, Ithaca and Watertown (red
dots)
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Using an index card or blank piece of paper, line
up one edge between the two cities. Be accurate!
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Make a small, straight mark on the card at the
location of each city (red lines).
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Move the card to the key. Be sure to use the
miles side since thats what the question is
asking for. Place one of the red marks on the 0.
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With one of your red marks at the 0, make a mark
at the end of the key at 50 miles (see blue
line).
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Now slide the card along until the blue mark is
at 0. Make a note that the distance between your
first red mark and the blue mark is 50 miles.
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Make another mark at the end of the key (second
blue mark) and note that the distance between the
two blue marks is another 50 miles.
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Slide the card over until the second blue mark is
on the 0. Note that the distance between the blue
mark and your second red mark is another 10 miles.
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Now just add up the miles. Ithaca is 110 miles
from Watertown.
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Things to remember.......................
1) Read the question carefully. Be sure you know
whether youre measuring miles or kilometers.
2) When making the marks at the cities or
mountains be sure your line is on the
dot representing that city or the triangle
representing the mountain.
3) Be accurate. Make small straight marks and
keep track of distances measured at the key.
4) Go back and double check your work!
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Vocabulary

• Quantitative Observation Observation involving
  or relating to measurement or count.
• Qualitative Observation Observation involving
  distinctions based on qualities such as color,
  texture, size.

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• Diagram of the Water Cycle

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• Water Cycle Diagram

                                                
                                                  
                                              
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Bell WorkWhat is the rate of change?

•                      

5 4 3 2 1
y2
y1
x1
x2
1 2 3 4 5
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Rate of Change Slope

• Example
• Rate of change Dy D height 5 - 2
• Dx D time
  3-1
• 3 meters _______ m/min.
• 2 minutes

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Unit 1 Need to Know

• What is the evidence that Earth is a sphere?
• Polaris
• Latitude and Longitude
• Vocabulary List
• Page 3 of ESRT, Lat./Long. of cites in NYS
• Pages 4 5 of ESRT, Lat./Long. on Globe
• 1º 60 minutes
• Steps to Draw a Topographic Profile
• Steps to Draw Isolines
• Steps to draw a profile map

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Direct Relationship
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Inverse Relationshipor indirect
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Dynamic Equilibrium

• A condition in which all acting influences are
  canceled by others, resulting in a stable,
  balanced, or unchanging system.

AFTER
BEFORE

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Density

• Density mass (g)
• v0lume (cm3)

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Density Example

• Density mass (g)
• v0lume (cm3)
• Dy y2-y1
• Dx x2-x1
• 150-50 g 100 ____ g/cm3
• 30-10 cm3 20

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Lithosphere

• Layer of rock forming outer shell of Earth.
  Includes the crust and part of the mantle.
• Lithosphere - LAND

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Shape of the Earth

• The Earth is shaped like a oblate spheroid.
• (4) Slightly flattened at the poles and bulging
  at the equator.

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Interacting Earth Systems
LAND WATER LIFE AIR
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Atmosphere

1. The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.
2. Provides living things with oxygen carbon
   dioxide.
3. The ozone layer in the atmosphere blocks
   potentially harmful radiation.

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Geosphere

• The rocks, mountains, beaches and all the other
  physical features (except water) make up the
  geosphere.
• The mantle and core are also part of the
  geosphere.
• Core generates Earths magnetic field.
• Mantle source of lava that pours from
  volcanoes.

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Biosphere

• The living things on our planet make up the
• biosphere.
• i.e. single-celled protozoans, redwood
  trees, people.

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Hydrosphere

• The hydrosphere contains all the water in the
  Earth system.
• oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater
• water in the ice and snow
• 2. Only about 3 of the Earths water is fresh.
• 3. All the water on Earth is continually
  recycled.

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Latitude Longitude Lines
Prime Meridian
90oE
180oE
90oW
180oW
0o
30 60 120 150
90oN North Pole
90oN
60oN
30o N
Longitude Lines
Equator 0o
30oS
60oS
90oS South Pole
90oS
Latitude Lines
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Videos

• Latitudes and Longitude
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMjDqhLUzCpE

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Vocabulary

• Latitude - tells you how far way you are from
  The equator you are and it is measured in
  degrees North or South for 0o to 90o.
• 2. Longitude is how far away you are from the
  Prime Meridian and is measured in degrees East
  or West from 0o to 180o.
• Write the Latitude First!
• 43o9N, 77o35W

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• a) 0o latitude
• Equator
• b) 0o longitude
• Prime Meridian

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0o
NW
NE
Prime Meridian
Equator
0o
SW
SE
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Time Zones
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NYS Reference Tables p. 1
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ESRT p. 10Properties of Earths Interior

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NYS Reference Tables p. 14

• p. 4
• p.

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Steps to Success Write your plan down. Do you
have a mantra? Write one and recite it
daily.   Create your atmosphere. Who are the
people in your life? Stay away from those that
bring you down. Utilize your resources value
interdependence.   Bet on yourself. What is your
frame of mind? Talk positively to yourself. Do
not let anyone else control your mind. If
someone else has my mind, they have me, but if I
have my mind, I WIN!!    10 of life is what
happens to me..90 is how I respond!