GENERAL ARTHROLOGY

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GENERAL ARTHROLOGY
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Synarthrotic Joints

• No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent
  bones
• Suture
• Dense Fibrous CT
• Gomphosis
• Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments
• Synchondrosis Hyaline Cartilage
• Epiphyseal Line (plate)
• Synostosis Bony Joints (Fused)

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Types of Sutures
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synchodroses
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SYMPHSIS
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Synovial Joint
pg 215
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SYNOVIAL JOINT
PERIOSTEUM
LIGAMENT
JT CAVITY
FIBROUS CAPSULE
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
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3. Pivot Joint
rotation

• Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of
  bone 2
• Also found in proximal end of radius ?
  pronation and supination

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BALL AND SOCKET
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Knee Joint

• Much more complex than elbow
• Much less stable than other hinge joints
• Some gliding and rotation
• structurally 3 separate joints
• No single joint capsule

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Joint Shapes
pg 225

• Saddle articular surface both concave convex
• side-to-side, back-forth movement
• (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb
• Ball Socket spherical head round socket
• multiaxial movement
• (eg) shoulder, femur

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Bursae Tendon Sheaths

• Bursae flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane
  lining
• Tendon Sheaths elongated bursae that wraps
  around tendons
• 3 Factors in Joint Stability
• Muscle Tone
• Ligaments
• Fit of Articular Surface

pg 219
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Joint Shapes
pg 224

• Hinge cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough
  shape of other
• angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle,
  interphalangal
• Plane articular surface in flat plane
• Short gliding movement
• (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

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Joint Shapes
pg 225

• Condyloid egg-shape articular surface oval
  concavity
• side-to-side, backforth movement
• (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
• Pivot round end fits into ring of bone
  ligament
• rotation on long axis
• (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

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Representative Articulations

• Temporomandibular Joint
• Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation
• Articular disc

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Special Movements
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BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
CORACOACRMIAL LIGAMENT
SUBACROMIAL BURSA
TENDON SHEATH
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BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)
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ELBOW JOINT
BICEPS TENDON
TROCHLEA
SYNOVIAL CAVITY
BURSA
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MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT)BALL AND SOCKET
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MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)
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FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN
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FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS
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ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/CIRCUMDUCTION
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INVERSION/EVERSION
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Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that
  extends between nearby structures allowing them
  to slide more easily past each other
• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of
  connective tissue lined with synovial membrane
  wrapped around a tendon
• numerous in hand and foot

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Total Knee Replacement
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Lab 12 ArticulationsLab 6 Cartilage
Connective Tissue
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND
  ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS
• 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT
  FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW
  MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS
• 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE
  FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A
  LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS
• 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE
  FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW
  MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS
• 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE
  CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.
• 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE
  FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL
  JOINT

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• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
  JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.
• SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET
  ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.
• CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

• SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)
• AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS
  CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)
• DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)
• SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY
  RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON
• DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

• BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES
  TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT
  CAVITY.
• FIBROUS JOINTS
• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
• SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• FIBROUS JOINTS-
• -BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE
• -no joint cavity
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses

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• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-
• THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE
• THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY
• Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the
  bones)
• Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)
• SYNOVIAL JOINTS-
• -MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY
• -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY,
  SYNOVIAL FLUID)
• -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE
  OPPOSING BONES)
• -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2
  LAYERED)
• -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS
• -BURSAE
• -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY