The Renaissance

1
The Renaissance
2
Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the
Renaissance

• Trade and commerce increased
• Cities grew larger and wealthier
• Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
  growth of the arts and learning
• The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the
  disasters of the 14th century, such as the
  plague, political instability, and a decline of
  Church power
• Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of
  interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece
  and Rome)
• A new view of human beings emerged as people in
  the Italian Renaissance began to emphasize
  individual ability

3
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a
time of renewal (Europe was recovering from the
Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic
Plague) Renaissance means rebirth of classical
knowledge and birth of the modern world (new
intellectual and artistic ideas that developed
during the Renaissance marked the beginning of
the modern world)
4
Where did the Renaissance begin?

• Italy
• Italian Cities
• Urban Societies
• Major Trading Centers
• Secular Movement
• People lost their faith in the church and began
  to put more focus on human beings and material
  possessions

5
When did the Renaissance Take Place?

• Roughly the 14th to the 17th century

6
How did the Crusades contribute to the
Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 1291) Religiously sanctioned
military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics
against Muslims who had occupied the near east
since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after
Muhammads death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate
was one of the largest empires of the time
period) Increased demand for Middle Eastern
products Stimulated production of goods to trade
in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of
credit and banking
7
(No Transcript)
8
What about the Black Death?

• Widespread fear of the disease
• Loss of faith in the church
• Focus on life

9
Italian City-States

• Because Italy failed to become united during the
  Dark Ages, many independent city-states emerged
  in Italy.
• Each city-state was controlled by a powerful
  family and dominated by a wealthy merchant class.
  Their interest in art and emphasis on personal
  achievement helped to shape the Italian
  Renaissance.
• Example The Medici family of Florence ranked
  among the richest merchants and bankers in
  Europe they ruled Florence for over 70 years.

10
Major Italian City-States
Milan One of the richest cities, it controls
trade through the Alps.
Venice Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is a major
trade route between Asia Europe.
Milan
Venice
Florence Controlled by the Medici Family, who
became great patrons of the arts.
Genoa
Florence
Adriatic Sea
Genoa Had Access to Trade Routes
Rome
Rome Headquarters of the Catholic Church
Tyrrhenian Sea

• All of these cities
• Had access to trade routes connecting Europe
  with Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the distribution
  of goods to northern Europe

11
(No Transcript)
12
Centralized Power

• One governing authority (ex. U.S. Federal
  Government principals) controls power over
  several smaller entities (ex. State governments
  teachers)

13
What makes a good leader?

• On a separate sheet of paper, make a list
• What positions call for leadership?
• Ex. Principal
• What characteristics do good leaders have?
• Ex. Fairness
• What powers or skills does a leader need to get
  things done?
• Ex. Good connections

14
Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) An Italian
Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during
the Renaissance The Prince (Published in
1532) Machiavelli believed One can make this
generalization about men they are ungrateful,
fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger
and are greedy for profit Machiavelli observed
city-state rulers of his day and produced
guidelines for how to gain and maintain power.
Absolute Rule He felt that a ruler should be
willing to do anything to maintain control
without worrying about conscience.
15
Activity

• Read and annotate the excerpt from The Prince.
• Then, using your list of characteristics of a
  leader, make a Venn diagram
• In the overlapping area, what both you and
  Machiavelli think of as essential traits, skills,
  or powers of a leader of a nation
• On the left, what you look for in a leader of a
  nation but Machiavelli doesn't
• On the right, what Machiavelli wants in a leader
  of a nation but you dont

16

• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision
  making
• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
• The end justifies the means
• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

Today, the term Machiavellian refers to the use
of deceit in politics
17
(No Transcript)
18

• Cultural and educational reform
• The study of classical culture (ancient Greece
  and Rome), in contrast with the study of things
  related to the church and religion
• Celebrated the individual
• Was supported by wealthy patrons (financial
  supporters)

19
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were
reflected in the arts, philosophy, and
literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded
trade, sponsored works which glorified
city-states in northern Italy. Education became
increasingly secular.
20

• Classical art showed the importance of people and
  leaders, as well as gods and goddesses
• Medieval art and literature focused on the Church
  and salvation
• Renaissance art and literature focused on the
  importance of people and nature, along with
  religion

21
Classical ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 316 Discobolus

• Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more
  perfect than in real life)
• Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes)
• Bodies looked active, and motion was believable
• Faces were calm and without emotion
• Scenes showed either heroic figures or real
  people doing tasks from daily life

22
(No Transcript)
23
Medieval Art

• Most art was religious, showing Jesus, saints,
  people from the Bible, and so on
• Important figures in paintings were shown as
  larger than others around them
• Figures looked stiff, with little sense of
  movement
• Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking
  clothing
• Faces were serious and showed little feeling
• Paint colors were bright

24
(No Transcript)
25
Renaissance Art

• Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes
• Art reflected a great interest in nature
• Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional,
  reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy
• Bodies looked active and were shown moving
• Figures were either nude or clothed
• Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks
• Faces expressed what people were thinking
• Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with
  the right and left sides having similar or
  identical elements)

26
(No Transcript)
27

• During the Middle Ages, art and learning were
  centered on the church and religion
• But, at the start of the 14th century
• People became less interested in thinking about
  God, heaven, and the saints
• More interested in
• Themselves
• Their surroundings
• Their everyday lives

28
Secular Humanism

• Secular- not religious
• Humanism- placing the study and progress of human
  nature at the center of interests

29
Rise of Humanism in Art

• We will look at paintings and discover specific
  clues to tell the difference between paintings
  from the Renaissance and earlier works of art

30
Very early Renaissance painting, so it contains
characteristics of the Middle Ages
Halos?
Hieratic scale
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
Lesson 5 Objectives

• SWBAT
• Cite artistic, literary, and philosophical
  creativity, as contrasted with the medieval
  period, including Leonardo da Vinci,
  Michelangelo, and Petrarch
• Compare the Italian and the Northern Renaissance,
  and citing the contributions of writers

38
Renaissance artists embraced some of the ideals
of ancient Greece and Rome in their art. The
purpose of art would no longer be to glorify God,
as it had been in Medieval Europe. Artists wanted
their subjects to be realistic and focused on
humanity and emotion. New Techniques also
emerged.
39
Art and Patronage

• Italians patrons (financial supporters) were
  willing to spend a lot of money on art
• Art communicated social, political, and spiritual
  values and therefore, the consumption of art was
  used as a form of competition for social
  political status.

40
What was different in the Renaissance?

• Realism
• Perspective
• Emphasis on individualism
• Geometrical arrangement of figures
• Light and shadowing
• Softening of edges
• Artist able to live from commissions

41
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
42
1. Realism Expression
Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First
nudes since classical times.
43
2. Perspective
The Trinity Masaccio 1427
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
First use of linear perspective!
What you are, I once was what I am, you will
become.
44
4. Emphasis on Individualism
Batista Sforza Federico de Montefeltre
The Duke Dutchess of
Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
45
5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as
architecture! The Dreyfus Madonna with the
Pomegranate
46
6. Light Shadowing/Softening Edges
Sfumato gradual blending of one area of color
into another without a sharp outline
Chiaroscuro use of light and shade
Ginevra de' Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman
who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi
Niccolini in 1474.
47
Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is
considered to be one of the most inspired men who
ever lived he was a sculptor, painter, engineer,
architect, and poet.
48
David
Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in
1504.
The Biblical shepherd, David (who killed Goliath)
recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek
tradition
49
? 15c
Whatadifferenceacenturymakes!
16c ?
50
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel.
Depicts the biblical history of the world from
the Creation to the Flood
51
Creation of Adam
Creation of Eve
The Last Judgment
Separation of Light and Darkness
52
Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture
Captures the sorrow of the Virgin Mary as she
cradles her dead son, Jesus on her knees
53
Moses
54
1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect,
Mathematician, Engineer
55
Mona Lisa(1503-1506)
56
The Last Supper(1495-1498)
Jesus and his apostles on the night before the
crucifixion
57
Notebooks
Leonardo da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how
bones and muscles work
58
RaphaelPainter1483-1520
59
The School of Athens
Perspective Subjects are mainly
secular, but can be religious
Figures look idealized, but can
also look like everyday ordinary
people Bodies are active Clothed or
unclothed Faces are expressive Detail

• 1510 Fresco
• Vatican City
• An imaginary gathering of great thinkers and
  scientists

60
Pythagoras
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates
61
Raphael (back)?
Euclid
Zoroaster Ptolemy
62
(No Transcript)
63
Northern Renaissance

• The Renaissance in northern Europe (outside
  Italy)
• There was increased cultural exchange between
  European countries
• Printed materials helped to spread ideas
• Centralization of political power made the
  northern Renaissance distinct from the Italian
  Renaissance (e.g., nation-states instead of
  Italian city-states)

64
Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported
Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance
thinkers merged humanist ideas with
Christianity. The movable type printing press
and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg
Bible) helped disseminate ideas and allowed more
people to become educated.
65
Literature flourished during the Renaissance and
spread Renaissance ideas, which can be greatly
attributed to Johannes Gutenberg. In 1455
Gutenberg printed the first book produced by
using moveable type, The Bible, and started a
printing revolution that would transform Europe.
Literacy rates increased
66
(No Transcript)
67
PetrarchPoet, Humanistscholar
Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374 Assembled Greek and
Roman writings Wrote Sonnets to Laura (Love
poems in the Vernacular) Influenced William
Shakespeare
68
William Shakespeare1564-1616

• English poet and playwright
• Well-known plays include
• Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
• Influence and Impact on the Renaissance
• He expanded the dramatic potential of
  characterization (his
• characters were very complex), plot,
  language (creative), and genre

69
Erasmus(1466-1536)
Dutch humanist Pushed for a Vernacular form of
the Bible I disagree very much with those who
are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated
into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated .
. . As if the strength of the Christian religion
consisted in the ignorance of it Wanted to
reform the Catholic Church Wrote The Praise of
Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant
behavior of people, including the clergy. He
felt people would be open minded and be kind to
others.
70
Sir Thomas More(1478-1535)
English Humanist Wrote Utopia A book about a
perfect society in which men and women live in
harmony, there is no private property, no one is
lazy, all people are educated and the justice
system is used to end crime instead of executing
criminals
71
Important to Remember

• Accomplishments in the visual arts Leonardo da
  Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
• Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays,
  essays) Petrarch, Shakespeare
• Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism)
  Erasmus