Renaissance

1
Renaissance

• Oligarchy
• A form of government in which all power is vested
  in a few persons or in a dominant class.
• During the Renaissance era Italy was run by the
  upper class.

2
Renaissance

• Grandi
• Nobles and Merchants
• The grandi traditionally ruled the city.

3
Renaissance

• "popolo grasso
• Capitalist and Bankers
• They began to challenge the grandi for political
  power.

4
Renaissance

• "popolo minuto
• Lower economic class
• They lead the Ciompi Revolt due to economic
  suppression

5
Renaissance

• Ciompi Revolt
• Revolt of the popolo minuto
• It established a chaotic four year reign of power
  by the lower Florentine classes.

6
Renaissance

• Cosimo de Medici
• Cosimo de Medici
• The first of the Medici political dynasty
• He established the Signoria.

7
Renaissance

• Lorenzo de Medici
• Italian statesman and ruler of the Florentine
  Republic
• He established a despot called podesta to prevent
  internal social conflict.

8
Renaissance

• Signoria
• A council of six to eight guild members
• It governed the city of Florence.

9
Renaissance

• Condotteri
• Military Brokers
• It helped Lorenzo maintain law and order in
  Florence

10
Renaissance

• Humanism
• The study of Latin and Greek classics to promote
  a rebirth of ancient times.
• Humanist advocated studia humanitatis which is a
  liberal arts program that embraced grammar,
  history, politics and moral philosophy

11
Renaissance

• Civic Humanism
• Education designed to promote humanist leadership
  of political and cultural life
• Civic Humanists Salutati, Bruni and Bracciolini
  were chancellors of Florence who rallied Florence
  against Naples and Milan.

12
Renaissance

• Petrarch
• Humanist Writer
• He celebrated ancient Rome in his work Letters
  to the Dead and his biographies of famous Roman
  men.

13
Renaissance

• Dante
• Humanist writer
• He wrote Divine Comedy which were the corner
  stones of the Italian Vernacular literature.

14
Renaissance

• Boccaccio
• Pioneer of humanist studies
• He assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman
  Mythology

15
Renaissance

• Castiglione
• Italian Humanist Writer
• He wrote Book of the Courtier which illustrates
  that the rediscovered knowledge of the past is
  both a model and a challenge to the present.

16
Renaissance

• Lorenzo Valla
• Humanist scholar
• He wrote and Expose of the Donation of
  Constantine using textual analysis and historical
  logic to prove that the Donation was filled with
  anarchist terms and information

17
Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Great painter known as the Renaissance Man
• He painted Mona Lisa.

18
Renaissance

• Raphael
• Italian Painter
• He painted Modannas

19
Renaissance

• Michelangelo
• Painter and sculptor
• He painted David and the Sistine Chapel

20
Renaissance

• Treaty of Lodi
• Peace agreement issued on April 9, 1454 between
  the Milan and Naples.
• In 1494 the peace ended when Naples supported by
  Florence threatened Milan.

21
Renaissance

• Alexander VI
• Bogia Pope
• He was a corrupted Pope who supported the
  crusades of Caesar and Lucrezia

22
Renaissance

• Louis XI
• King of France
• He unified France and put down the alliances of
  unruly nobles

23
Renaissance

• Charles VIII
• French King
• Within five months he conquered land from the
  Alps to Florence and the Papal States in Naples.

24
Renaissance

• Louis XII
• King of France
• In 1500 he and Ferdinand of Aragon divided Naples
  between themselves

25
Renaissance

• Girolamo Savonarola
• Priest and Leader of Florence
• On May 13, 1497 he was excommunicated by
  Alexander VI.

26
Renaissance

• Ludovico il Moro
• King of Italy
• He encouraged the French participation in wars
  which resulted in the Italian War

27
Renaissance

• Julius II
• Warrior Pope
• Suppressed Borgia and place conquered lands in
  Romagna under papal jurisdiction

28
Renaissance

• Emperor Maximillian I
• Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• He expanded the influence of the House of
  Habsburg

29
Renaissance

• Ferdinand Isabella
• Married and united Castile and Aragon.
• They accomplished things together that neither
  one of them could do alone such as securing their
  borders and christianizing Spain.

30
Renaissance

• The War of the Roses
• English civil war that was fought by the House of
  Lancaster and House of York for the English
  throne
• The House of York was victorious and the English
  throne was given to Edward IV.

31
Renaissance

• Henry VII
• King of England
• He established the Kings council to keep the
  nobles in check and to ensure that they paid
  their taxes.

32
Renaissance

• Holy Roman Empire
• United Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Morsula
  under one ruler
• Originated in 926 under the rule of King Otto I
  and ended in 1806 when Francis III dismissed it.
  

33
Renaissance

• Johann Gutenburg
• He invented the printing press
• The first thing to be printed was copies of the
  bible to be distributed to the common people

34
Renaissance

• Thomas More
• Humanist Scholar
• He was the author of Utopia

35
Renaissance

• Erasmus
• Northern Humanist
• He was a life long Catholic who pushed for major
  Church Reforms

36
Renaissance

• Christian Humanism
• Belief that human freedom and individualism are a
  natural part of the Christine doctrine and
  practice.
• Roman Catholic Priest who migrated to America
  wanted to convert Native Americans to
  Christianity and bring them European learning and
  civilization.

37
Renaissance

• Conquistadors
• Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who
  invaded and conquered territories in America and
  brought them under Spanish rule
• Christopher Columbus is an example of a
  conquistador.

38
Renaissance

• Encomienda
• A system instituted in 1503 under which Spanish
  soldiers or colonists were granted a tract of
  land or a village with its Indian inhabitants.
• It declined by the 16th century because Spanish
  monarchs feared its holders might become too
  powerful.

39
Renaissance

• Repartimiento
• Required adult male Indians to devote a certain
  amount of days of annual labor to Spanish
  economic empires.
• The limitation on labor time led Spanish managers
  to a used their workers on the assumption that
  fresh workers would soon replace them.

40
Renaissance

• Mita
• Required adult male Indians to devote a certain
  amount of days of annual labor to Peru economic
  empires.
• The limitation on labor time led Peru managers to
  a used their workers on the assumption that fresh
  workers would soon replace them.

41
Reformation

• The Modern Devotion
• Also, known as the Brothers of the Common Life,
  were religious individuals that did not
  necessarily agree with the actions of the
  Catholic Church and sought to provide aid to the
  impoverished European community.
• Martin Luther and Erasmus were both part of the
  Modern Devotion, which pushed a desire to have
  religious scriptures in the vernacular, or in the
  spoken language of an area.

42
Reformation

• William of Ockham
• A central religious figure in the medieval times,
  and in contrast to Thomas Aquinas, his major
  ideologies got his condemnation from the Catholic
  Church.
• Ockham was an English medieval writer, setting
  the precedent for the denunciation of Catholic
  values by the English during the Reformation.
  Furthermore, Ockham was one of the first
  individuals that promoted a separation of state
  and religion, by having an emperor and Pope
  ruling and having equal power.

43
Reformation

• John Wycliffe
• A religious leader in the fourteenth century, who
  laid the foundations for Protestant Reformation,
  because of his challenge to the established quo,
  or the power of the Catholic Church. His
  followers were called the Lollards.
• Wycliffe believed that the clergy needed to be
  less concern about their physical life and play a
  more important role in their religious life.
  Also, he believed personal merit was the basis to
  a true religious person and he was denounced of
  being a Donatist because he believed that the
  performance of religious sacraments depended on
  both the moral of the person and the performance

44
Reformation

• Jan Huss
• Jan Huss led the movement in Bohemia, which
  sought to reform the Catholic Church in Central
  Europe, although, it lacked a lot of controlling
  power, and a contemporary of Wycliffe.
• He was against the established power of the
  Catholic Church he denounced the validity of
  some sacraments and the idea of
  transubstantiation, which would be extremely
  popular among Luther and Zwingli, two centuries
  later. Also, he supported the translation of the
  scriptures in the vernacular.

45
Reformation

• Avginon Papacy
• The split of the Catholic Church because of the
  influence of the French monarchy in the papacy,
  which weakened its hold on European society.
• The Catholic Church began to lose strength
  because of its political manipulation of the
  countries and its economic desire to gain wealth.
  European countries denounced the Church for its
  inability to unite it. Britain restricted the
  flow of money that went to Rome, while the French
  were able to control how many and which cardinals
  it would sent to Rome.

46
Reformation

• Great Schism
• The Great Schism is the split of the church along
  the line of who was the ruling pope, at one point
  there were three popes ruling over the papacy.
  One was supported by the French, and another by
  the Church in Rome.
• This separation demonstrated the weakness of the
  Church and how easily a political conflict could
  weaken its power over Europe. Also, it helped
  future reformers because it helped pin point
  problems within the Catholic Church.

47
Reformation

• Concilliarism
• The Concilliar movement in Europe wanted to
  reunify the papacy by which the cardinals called
  meetings to elect their pious leader.
  Concilliarism sought to regulate the power of the
  Pope by creating a council of cardinals. After
  the Council of Constance, the three existing
  popes were removed from power, and Pope Martin V
  was elected.
• Concilliarism gave more freedom to the local
  churches and their secular governments.
  Therefore, monarchies began exercising more power
  over the church lands and began expanding their
  economic desires. This movement also allowed
  countries to leave the radar of the Church, and
  conquering their own economic and social
  aspirations

48
Reformation

• Benefice System
• The Benefice system gave priests money for
  guiding the laity and also provided money to the
  Church. By having multiple laities to tend, the
  priest gained more money, which was used for
  Church activities, such as the education of
  reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
  
• The benefice system funneled large sums of money
  into the Church and the clergy. However, during
  the Protestant Reformation, the benefice system
  would become one of Luthers main challenges to
  the Church and desire to reform it.

49
Reformation

• Martin Luther
• Luther became the largest challenger to
  Catholicism after his posting of the Ninety-Five
  thesis in 1517 in Germany. Luther sought to
  reform the Catholic Church after denouncing the
  sale of indulgences, the translation of religious
  scriptures in the vulgate, and the manipulation
  of the laity for economic desires.
• Luther had a defining effect during the sixteenth
  century because of his reformist views of the
  Catholic Church. His views were used to form the
  new Christian sect called the Protestants, even
  though he did not want to separate from the
  Church. His three main views were justification
  by faith alone, attack on indulgences, and sola
  scriptura.

50
Reformation

• Indulgences
• People were able to buy off their sins if they
  could pay for them, which would allow them to
  avoid going to purgatory. The sale of indulgences
  funded the creation of St. Peters Basilica.
• Indulgences became one of the most attacked
  ideologies of the Catholic Church. These sales
  manipulated the fear and social inability of
  Europeans to understand the economic needs of the
  Catholic Church. However, the sale of indulgences
  were not the main issue, it was that secular
  governments did not receive part of the wealth
  generated from the indulgences.

51
Reformation

• Treasury of Merit
• The Treasury of Merit was an infinite reliable
  source of good works, by which the pope could
  give to people and forgive their sins. From this
  treasury, there were the indulgences, which were
  sold to help people remove their own sins, but
  also of their deceased relatives.
• The Treasury manipulated the social foundations
  of Europeans by creating this sense of fear of
  death and hell, which people would go to if they
  did not do their good works. This undermined the
  religious purpose of the Church and demonstrated
  its secular wants.

52
Reformation

• John Tetzel
• During the fifteenth and sixteenth century,
  Tetzel was a major proponent of the sale of
  indulgences. He was able to create this fear or
  stir action within the European populace.
• The claims that Tetzel made about the damnation
  that people suffered because of their sins were
  completely denounced by Martin Luther and his
  followers. The sale of indulgences released major
  issues about the growing secularism of the
  Catholic Church.

53
Reformation

• Charles V
• Charles V was the King of Spain and the Spanish
  Holy Roman Emperor. He established the Habsburg
  dynasty over the Spanish and Austrian throne.
• Charles V was the protector of Catholicism during
  the sixteenth century. However, he could not
  fight a war on three fronts. He waged war against
  the French and the Ottomans, while having to
  combat the growing power of Protestantism. His
  inability to fight their power allowed the
  Protestants to gain power and flourish throughout
  Europe.

54
Reformation

• Diet Of Worms
• After the Pope issued the Exsurge Domine,
  demanding that Luther withdraw his ideas, Luther
  was summoned before the Diet in Germany, where
  issues pertaining to the Holy Roman Empire were
  discussed.
• Luthers condemnation at the Diet of Worms by
  Charles V demonstrated the slowly deteriorating
  power of the Church. Luthers excommunication did
  not really make a dent in the Protestant
  movement, and it did not stop Luther from
  proceeding with his challenge to Catholicism.

55
Reformation

• Habsburg Dynasty
• The Habsburg Dynasty were the ruling family of
  Spain, after the ascension of Spanish global
  power, Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor
  of the Germanic states.
• The Habsburgs were extremely powerful during the
  fifteenth and sixteenth century however, the
  Reformation weakened their grip in Europe. Also,
  after Charles V and Philip II of Spain, Spain and
  Austria were controlled by two different leaders.
  The Holy Roman Emperor would be Austrian
  furthermore, he would have little power within
  the political sphere of Germany

56
Reformation

• Peasants Revolt
• In 1525, peasants in the Holy Roman Empire
  revolted against the secular and social lords
  that wanted to continue overtaxing them without
  the peasantrys consent. They were Christians,
  who were heavily influenced by Lutheran ideology.
  
• The Peasants Revolt demonstrated that Luther was
  not about a social revolution throughout Europe,
  he only sought to reform the Catholic Church. He
  supported the lords and secular leaders, which
  squashed the revolt.

57
Reformation

• Ulrich Zwingli
• Zwingli led the reformation in the Swiss cantons,
  where the power of the Catholic Church was not
  extremely strong. Zwingli proposed a society
  where the religious and political aspect united
  to make a holier community.
• Zwingli believed that anything that was not in
  the Bible should not be practiced therefore,
  some of the seven sacraments and the sale of
  indulgences should not be followed because the
  Bible does not include them.

58
Reformation

• First and Second Disputations
• The Disputations were religious and political
  meetings held in Zurich, where Zwinglis ideology
  was accepted as law. The disputations proved to
  help promote Zwinglis ideas throughout the town
  to the people.
• The Disputations demonstrated the desire that
  people had to separate itself from the Catholic
  Church and its hierarchical supremacy.

59
Reformation

• The Marburg Colloquy
• In 1529, Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli met up
  in the castle of Philip of Hesse, who wanted to
  unite the two Protestant forces, which would
  further weaken the Catholic Church. However, the
  two were unable to agree over the issue of
  transubstantiation.
• The Marburg Colloquy weakened the Protestant
  movement because the two major leaders could not
  agree on one issue. The issue separated them into
  separate political factions.

60
Reformation

• Swiss Civil War
• The civil war between the Protestant and Catholic
  forces in Switzerland. Zwingli was harshly hacked
  up during the battle for his Protestant faith.
• The Civil War allowed each leader to pick the
  religion for their state. This demonstrated the
  inability of the Catholic Church to squash the
  religious quarrels within its laity.

61
Reformation

• Anabaptists
• The Anabaptists were radical Christians that did
  not follow Protestant or Catholic ideals.
  Instead, they believed that people should be
  baptized as adults, and they wanted to return to
  original Christian values, where secular values
  were not involved.
• The Anabaptists represented a possible peasant
  and laity revolt for the people because they
  challenged the natural order of life, which was
  socially haunting. Although, they did not agree
  with the Protestants and Catholics, they were not
  necessarily ready to participate in giving the
  peasantry rights.

62
Reformation

• John Calvin
• John Calvin represented the most hard core of the
  Protestant reformers in Europe. He united the
  secular and religious ideologies, similar to
  Zwingli however, he made laws forbidding
  inappropriate conduct. He created a regimented
  society, where people followed only what was
  written in the Bible, not the ideas promoted by
  the Catholic Church.
• Calvins separate society weakened the power of
  the Catholic Church because it demonstrated the
  ability of a community to thrive without a
  religious entity that misrepresented European
  values. Also, this served as a model for European
  monarchs, which sought to create their own
  societies without the overshadowing power of the
  Catholic Church.

63
Reformation

• Predestination
• Predestination is an ideology, which was promoted
  by John Calvin in the sixteenth century
  Protestant Reformation. It states that everyone
  is born either condemned to hell or saved and
  going to heaven. Also, the idea promotes an
  understanding and all-loving God, which can help
  lessen fear of going to heaven.
• The main issue with predestination is that it
  undermines human free will. The idea that
  peoples lives are already determined and they
  can no way influence any change in it, squashes
  any possibility of free will

64
Reformation

• Schmalkaldic League
• 1530s, A powerful defensive alliance formed by
  German Protestant lords, in order to defend
  themselves against the forces of Charles V.
• The League demonstrated how the Protestants could
  unite and raise resistance to Protestant values.

65
Reformation

• Diet Of Worms
• 1521, Charles V declares Martin Luther an outlaw
  his friends disguised and hid him at the
  instruction of Elector Frederick.
• Declaring someone an outlaw or excommunicating
  someone had been a traditional way of punishing
  non-dangerous criminals however, it did not
  affect Luthers success against Catholicism.

66
Reformation

• Peace of Augsburg
• 1555 This act recognized that the ruler of a
  land would determine its religion (Cuius regio,
  eius religio). In addition Lutheranism was
  recognized as a legal form of Christianity.
• The Peace of Augsburg created controversy within
  the German states because other groups, such as
  the Calvinists did not gain legal recognition.

67
Reformation

• English Reformation
• In the early 1520s English reformers met in
  Cambridge to discuss Lutheran writings smuggled
  into England by merchants and scholars Lollardy
  and humanism provided some of the native seeds
  for religious reform. What ultimately allowed
  England to be consumed by Protestantism were
  Henry VIIIs affairs.
• A Protestant England was evitable as it was the
  kings fault. Henry had been the primary defender
  of the faith and turned his back on it because of
  his personal affairs.

68
Reformation

• Submission of the Clergy
• It placed canon law under royal control and
  thereby the clergy under royal jurisdiction.
• This represents the on going conflict between
  church and state that has occurred all throughout
  history.

69
Reformation

• Act of Succession
• The act made Anne Boleyns children legitimate
  heirs to the throne.
• Anne Boleyn gave birth to one of the most
  dominant figures in 16th century England
  Elizabeth I.

70
Reformation

• Act of Supremacy
• It declared Henry as the supreme head of the
  Church of England.
• By instituting this act Henry broke his ties with
  the Roman Catholic Church. This was unprecedented
  and would a lasting influence on Europe.

71
Reformation

• Ten Articles
• In these articles Henry made mild concessions to
  Protestant doctrine.
• Henry VIII remained religiously conservative his
  did not deliberately allow Protestantism to
  spread in England.

72
Reformation

• Six Articles
• These articles were passed as a response to the
  growing popularity of Protestantism.
• This showed that Henry was reluctant to let
  Protestant views spread in England.

73
Reformation

• Thomas Woolsey
• He was the chief minister of King Henry VIII he
  helped to guide royal opposition of
  Protestantism.
• Woolsey had been one of Henrys long time
  advisors and was dismissed in 529 because he
  failed to secure the annulment of Henrys
  marriage

74
Reformation

• Thomas More
• Like Woolsey, More led royal opposition against
  Protestant views. He was executed when he failed
  to recognized the Act of Succession and Act of
  supremacy.
• This showed that Henry sought to establish a
  government of loyal followers and would not
  tolerate opposition.

75
Reformation

• Act of Uniformity
• The first act imposed Thomas Cranmers Book of
  Common Prayer on all English churches. The second
  imposed a revised version of Cranmers book on
  all English churches.
• Cranmer was a protestant sympathizer so one would
  expect his book on common prayer to introduce
  Protestantism to the English Church.

76
Reformation

• Catherine of Aragon
• Catherine was the wife of Henry VIII and aunt of
  Charles V. Her turbulent marriage with Henry VIII
  prompted the separation from the Catholic Church.
  
• Catherine and Henry separated, which led to the
  creation of the English Anglican country, which
  led it to become an extremely powerful country.

77
Reformation

• Pope Julius II
• Julius II issued a special dispensation that
  annulled Henrys marriage with Catherine
  therefore allowing him to marry Anne Boleyn.
• Julius II was a disgrace to the position of the
  pope as he was known as the warrior pope.

78
Reformation

• Thomas Cranmer
• Cranmer was a Protestant sympathizer that had
  been an adviser of Henry VIII and wrote the Book
  of Common Prayer.
• Cranmer was one of those responsible for
  introducing Protestantism into England. He in
  addition helped Henry VIII annul his marriage
  with Catherine.

79
Reformation

• Thomas Cromwell
• Cromwell, similar to Cromwell, was a close
  adviser to Henry VIII, which allowed him to gain
  prominence within his country.
• He influenced Henry in issuing the Ten Articles
  that allowed sparks of Protestantism into the
  English religious system.

80
Reformation

• Reformation Parliament
• 1529, Parliament convened for what would be a
  seven-year session of legislation. This
  established a precedent of the monarchy having to
  convene with parliament in order to make
  fundamental changes in religion.
• The precedent established by the actions of this
  parliament would later be broken by future
  monarchs

81
Reformation

• Anne Boleyn
• Henry VIII annulled his marriage with Catherine
  to marry Anne Boleyn she gave birth to Elizabeth
  I. In 1536 she was executed for alleged treason
  and adultery.
• She was one of the several wives that Henry had
  during his lifetime.

82
Reformation

• Edward VI
• Henry broke the ice for Protestantism in England
  while Edward VI, his son, completed what is now
  known as the English reformation.
• Edward allowed protestant views to reach a level
  of popularity never before seen in England.

83
Reformation

• Book of Common Prayer
• It was written by Thomas Cranmer and instituted
  by Edward VI, it introduced moderate protestant
  doctrine.
• It represented a radical change in the English
  Church as there had never been such a change in
  the English Church.

84
Reformation

• Act of Uniformity

85
Reformation

• Ignatius Loyola
• A dominant figure in the Counter-Reformation era,
  he was the founder of a society known as the
  Jesuits in the 1930s, they sought to go out and
  convert people to Catholicism.
• The efforts of the Jesuits helped to win many
  Protestants back to Catholicism. There presence
  was also felt in the Americas as they
  continuously traveled on missions of religious
  conversion.

86
Reformation

• Council of Trent
• The council met in three sessions through a
  period of eighteen years due to interruptions by
  war, plague and politics. Indulgences were
  forbidden, and education of parish priests was
  enforced among other things. The council
  reaffirmed Scholasticism as it did not address
  doctrinal concessions of the Protestants.
• The council sought to solve the religious
  problems that characterized much of the first
  half of the 16th century. The council sought to
  use educational legislation of priests to gain
  support.

87
Age of Religious Wars

• Calvinists
• They justified inspired political resistance
• They are important because they will inspire
  French Protestants that will eventually lead to
  the French Wars of Religion

88
Age of Religious Wars

• Presbyterian
• Scottish Calvinists and English protestants who
  advocated a national church composed of
  semiautonomous congregations governed by
  presbyteries
• This will become a type of government body.

89
Age of Religious Wars

• Episcopal
• A type of religious worship
• It is a government system. It is replaced by a
  more representative Presbyterian form like those
  in Calvinist churches in Scotland.

90
Age of Religious Wars

• Huguenots
• French protestants
• Catherine de Medici in the St. Bartholomews Day
  Massacre will target them.

91
Age of Religious Wars

• Charles V
• Father of Phillip II and Holy Roman Emperor.
• Charles will give his son and brother major
  territories

92
Age of Religious Wars

• Edict of Fontainebleau
• It subjected French Protestants to the
  Inquisition.
• This is a start to the monarchy trying to
  suppress the reformation in France.

93
Age of Religious Wars

• Henry II
• Was involved in a freak accident at his
  daughters wedding ending in his death.
• This shift in power will end up with three major
  families seeking to gain control of a weak
  France.

94
Age of Religious Wars

• Phillip II
• Heavily taxed his people organized the lesser
  nobility into a loyal and efficient national
  bureaucracy
• He will enhance Spanish sea power. He will lead
  the Catholic attack on Protestants.

95
Age of Religious Wars

• Francis II
• Son of Catherine de Medici. Was very ill.
• As a result of his death, his mother will take
  control of his reign and launch an attack against
  the Huguenots.

96
Age of Religious Wars

• Catherine de Medici
• Regent of her ill son Francis II.
• Will obtain power after the death of her son and
  will play a major role in the attack against the
  Huguenots.

97
Age of Religious Wars

• Bourbons
• Family that controlled the south of France.
• They will attempt to control France at its weak
  time.

98
Age of Religious Wars

• Montmorency-Chatillon
• The strongest family in France that controlled
  eastern France.
• They will become friendly with Catherine de
  Medici after she fears a threat from the
  Huguenots.

99
Age of Religious Wars

• Guises
• The strongest family in France that controlled
  eastern France.
• They will become friendly with Catherine de
  Medici after she fears a threat from the
  Huguenots.

100
Age of Religious Wars

• Louis I
• Prince of Conde. Political leader of the French
  Protestant resistance
• Converted by wife to Calvinism and will be
  suspected as soft to Catholics by his people

101
Age of Religious Wars

• Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
• Political leader of the French Protestant
  resistance
• Will be assassinated by a supposed Catherine
  Medici and Guises machination.

102
Age of Religious Wars

• 1562 January Edict
• Issued by Catherine, which granted Protestants
  freedom to worship publicly outside towns but
  privately in them and to hold synods.
• This was a first taste of religious freedom for
  Huguenots, but the joy will be short lived
  because the duke of Guises will murder a group of
  worshippers.

103
Age of Religious Wars

• Conde
• Louis I, prince of Conde
• Conde will be assassinated and power will shift
  to Coligny

104
Age of Religious Wars

• Peace of Saint Germain
• Ended the third war of the French Wars of
  Religion
• This acknowledged the power of the Protestant
  nobility

105
Age of Religious Wars

• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
• Catherine de Medici feared an attack by
  Huguenots, and this was a way to get rid of
  Protestant leaders. On Saint Bartholomews Day
  August 24, 1572 Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were
  butchered in Paris. With in 3 days attacks were
  made and 20,000 Huguenots were killed.
• This will increase the tension between
  Protestants and Catholics.

106
Age of Religious Wars

• John Knox
• A former exiled Scot reformer.
• His first-hand experience under the rule of Mary
  of Guise and Mary I will lay the groundwork
  Calvinist resistance.

107
Age of Religious Wars

• Henry of Navarre
• Becomes king after Henry III is assassinated. He
  issued the Edict of Nantes, which permitted
  Huguenots to worship publicly, to have success to
  the universities and to public office, and to
  maintain fortified towns in France to protect
  themselves.
• His efforts to give Huguenots a sense of freedom
  will end, when Louis XIV comes to power

108
Age of Religious Wars

• Peace of Beaulieu
• Granted the Huguenots almost complete and civil
  freedom.
• For some time this appeases the Huguenots, and
  allows them to have some sort of citizenship

109
Age of Religious Wars

• Day of the Barricades
• Henry III tried to rout out the league. He failed
  and had to flee Paris.
• Henrys failure will lead him to the aid of Henry
  of Navarre.

110
Age of Religious Wars

• Catholic League
• They were a radical group in the Church.
• The League made Henry repeal the Peace of
  Beaulieu.

111
Age of Religious Wars

• Edict of Nantes
• It granted the Huguenots freedom of worship, the
  right of assembly, admission to public offices
  and universities, and permission to maintain
  fortified towns.
• Louis XIV will revoke this

112
Age of Religious Wars

• Cardinal Granville
• Headed the special state council in the
  Netherlands.
• The people hated Granvelle

113
Age of Religious Wars

• William of Orange
• He confessed Catholic, Calvinist and Lutheran. He
  put the problems of the Netherlands above
  religious decrees.
• William will be affected by the St. Bartholomews
  Day Massacre and become an avowed Calvinist.

114
Age of Religious Wars

• The Compromise of 1564
• The Compromise was a national covenant, a solemn
  pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the
  Inquisition.
• In 1566, Calvinists rioted throughout the
  country.

115
Age of Religious Wars

• The Duke of Alba
• Alba was dispatched by Philip to suppress a
  revolt.
• The result, was the public executions of several
  thousand heretics.

116
Age of Religious Wars

• Council of Troubles
• The Spanish version of the counts of Egmont and
  Horn and several thousand heretics were publicly
  executed.
• The Spanish levied new taxes, forcing the
  Netherlands to pay for the suppression of its own
  revolt.

117
Age of Religious Wars

• Council of Blood
• The Netherlands version of the counts of Egmont
  and Horn and several thousand heretics were
  publicly executed.
• The Netherlands will be forced to pay for the
  suppression of the revolt.

118
Age of Religious Wars

• Sea Beggars
• International group of anti-Spanish exiles and
  criminals.
•  They captured Brill and other Seaports in the
  Zeeland and Holland. Such moves sparked
  rebellions against Alba and spread the resistance
  towards the south.

119
Age of Religious Wars

• Don Luis Requesens
• Replaced Alba in November 1573
• He replaced the commander responsible for the
  Council of Troubles, which was a time of public
  executions.

120
Age of Religious Wars

• Pacification of Ghent
• Pacification of Ghent The union of the Catholic
  southern provinces of the Netherlands and the
  Protestant northern provinces.
• Such a union declared internal religion
  sovereignty in matters of religion, which was
  main political clause for cooperation.

121
Age of Religious Wars

• Don John
• Don John He was the victor of the Battle of
  Lepanto in 1571 against the Turks.
• He was responsible for the signing of the
  Perpetual Edict, which caused for the removal of
  all Spanish troops from the Netherlands.

122
Age of Religious Wars

• Perpetual Edict
• Perpetual Edict Edict that showed the strength
  of the unified Dutch provinces and their
  resistance to Spanish power.
• This edict allowed the country to William of
  Orange and ended plans for having the Netherlands
  of source for invasion by Philip II.

123
Age of Religious Wars

• Union of Arras
• Union of Arras In January 1959, the Spanish
  revived their influence in the Southern
  provinces.
• Such a union of the southern provinces took place
  due to the growing fear of Calvinism this union
  will later help the Counter Reformation cause.

124
Age of Religious Wars

• Union of Utrecht
• Union of Utrecht In response to the Union of
  Arras, the Northern provinces unified against the
  Catholic powers.
• The Union of Utrecht shows significance because
  it gave resistance to the southern provinces and
  Spain.  

125
Age of Religious Wars

• Mary Tudor
• Mary Tudor Mary Tudor was the son of Henry III,
  who came to the English throne in 1553.
• Mary Tudor was a strict catholic who executed
  many Protestants for heresy. She also was in a
  political marriage with Philip II, which will
  later show the obsession of Spanish power.

126
Age of Religious Wars

• Jane Grey
• Jane Grey She was the daughter of a powerful
  Protestant nobleman and granddaughter of Henry
  III. Edward VI looked to put her on the throne
  instead of Mary.
• Such a move to have a Protestant monarchy in
  control contributes to the growing sense of
  Protestantism in England. On the other hand,
  popular support for hereditary monarchy was still
  strong at this time.

127
Age of Religious Wars

• Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth I She was the daughter of Henry III
  and Anne Boleyn and a successful politique.
• Elizabeth was responsible for merging a
  centralized Episcopal system with Protestant
  doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual,
  demonstrating the true forms of the hybrid,
  Anglican Church

128
Age of Religious Wars

• Act of Supremacy (in Elizabeth's Reign)
• Act of Supremacy In 1559, act repealed anti
  Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and made
  Elizabeth supreme ruler in religious and temporal
  affairs.
• This act gave Elizabeth the power to make
  Protestantism the official religion in the Church
  of England, and also allowed her to avoid extreme
  Catholic or Protestant revolts.

129
Age of Religious Wars

• Act Of Uniformity
• Act of Uniformity This was passed on the same
  year as the Act of Supremacy, which mandated all
  English to have a copy of the Thirty-Nine
  articles.
• Such an act allowed the Protestant rule book to
  be in the homes of all English people so they
  would follow the rule of Elizabeth.

130
Age of Religious Wars

• Mary Stuart/Mary Queen of Scots
• She was the daughter of King James V and Mary of
  Guise she also became queen of the Scots, but
  forced to abdicate to England because of a
  scandal.
• In England, Mary was a symbol of possible
  Catholic England and assumed popular support by
  the Catholics, which caused discomfort to
  Elizabeth I.

131
Age of Religious Wars

• Sir Francis Drake
• In 1587, Drake shelled the port of Cadiz, which
  inflicted heavy damages on Spanish sips and
  interrupted their war reparations.
• Such an attack on the Spanish forced them to
  postpone their time of invasion upon the English
  until 1588.

132
Age of Religious Wars

• The Spanish Armada
• The Spanish Armada In 1588, the Spanish looked
  to invade the English, but the strong winds
  forced the Armada back.
• The English victory against the Spanish signifies
  the decreasing power of Spain and the growing
  power of Great Britain.

133
Age of Religious Wars

• Peace of Augsburg
• In 1555, Charles V issued a peace where the
  rulers of an area in Germany can choose the
  religion of their land.
• The Peace of Augsburg will cause a fragmented
  Germany, and religious division which will lead
  to the Thirty Years War.

134
Age of Religious Wars

• Frederick III
• He was a devout Calvinist who became Elector
  Palatine and made Calvinism the official religion
  of his domain.
• This domain became the head of a Protestant
  defensive which contained support of England,
  France, and the Netherlands.

135
Age of Religious Wars

• Maximilien of Bavaria
• Maximilien organized a Catholic League to counter
  a new Protestant alliance that has been formed
  under Frederick IV.
• Such a League will give an opponent to the
  Protestants, which will cause the horrific Thirty
  Years War of religion.

136
Age of Religious Wars

• Frederick IV
• He became the new Calvinist Elector Palatine
• He formed a new alliance of Protestants which
  pressured Maximilien of Bavaria to form an
  alliance of Catholics.

137
Age of Religious Wars

• Bohemian Period
• The war broke out in Bohemia after the ascension
  of the throne of Ferdinand.
• Ferdinand looked to turn the Habsburgs back to
  Catholicism which will cause the actions of The
  Protestants, leading to war.

138
Age of Religious Wars

• Defenestration of Prague
• The Protestant nobility threw Ferdinands regents
  outside a window in response to his act in 1618.
• Such a move demonstrated that the people of
  Bohemia did not look to Ferdinand as their ruler,
  but in Frederick V, a Calvinist.

139
Age of Religious Wars

• Ferdinand II
• Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor by an
  unanimous vote.
• As emperor, he looked to take control of Bohemia
  and end the revolt against his rule in that
  region.

140
Age of Religious Wars

• The Danish Period
• Ferdinand II looked to re-conquer and re-
  Catholicize the empire, which caused Christian IV
  of Denmark to pick up resistance.
• Ferdinand possessed a successful mercenary who
  managed to break up protestant resistance in the
  region.

141
Age of Religious Wars

• Albrecht of Wallenstein
• He was a powerful mercenary who gained a great
  deal of territory in the Bohemian period and
  carried the campaign to Denmark.
• Albrecht caused the many Protestant lands to be
  greatly broken up, and such a development allowed
  Ferdinand to take control of such lands.

142
Age of Religious Wars

• Edict of Restitution
• Reasserted the lands taken from the Catholics and
  reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism.
• This edict reversed the power of the Peace of
  Augsburg, which gave Lutherans church holdings of
  the Catholics.

143
Age of Religious Wars

• The Swedish Period
• In this period, the victory of the Protestants
  reversed the course of the war.
• This period demonstrated the French and the
  Netherlands wanting to hold out on war in their
  growth of investments and to see Spain suffer.

144
Age of Religious Wars

• Gustavaus Adolphus
• He was the Swedish king of a unified Lutheran
  nation and became the new Protestant leader in
  the opening of the Swedish Period.
• Adolphus possessed military genius because each
  unit of his army had both defensive and offensive
  capability and could quickly change from one to
  another

145
Age of Religious Wars

• Battle of Breitenfield
• The Protestant forces won against the Catholic
  forces in 1630, as a unified Brandenburg and
  Saxony.
• During the Swedish Period, the battle made a new
  curve as the Protestant gained a better foothold
  of battle against the Catholics.

146
Age of Religious Wars

• Peace of Prague
• The German Protestant states reached a compromise
  with Ferdinand II, but France and the Netherlands
  did not cave in.
• Because France and the Dutch did not agree with
  peace, the war was bragged on to the last and
  more devastating phase.

147
Age of Religious Wars

• The Swedish French Period
• During this period, the war became a time were
  The French, Swedish, and Spanish just fought to
  fight.
• During this period, Germany was too disunited to
  repulse the foreign armies and the war had killed
  one-third of the German population.

148
Age of Religious Wars

• The Treaty of Westphalia
• The Treaty of Westphalia reasserted the major
  conditions of the Peace of Augsburg and legalized
  Calvinism.
• During these peace agreements, you can see the
  rise of power between the French and the English,
  while the Spanish are not involved in such
  agreements

149
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• William III
• The Dutch Stadholder that eventually became
  William I of England
• His reign effectively ended the reign of the
  Stuart family and the strengthening of Parliament

150
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Stadholder
• The Dutch equivalent of King or Governor that
  ruled all the Dutch provinces
• The most known Stadholders were the two Williams
  of Orange, the first who resisted the Spanish,
  the third who became William I of England

151
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Dutch East Indies Company
• The Dutch Company that dominated and imperialized
  parts of Asia
• One of the earliest examples of Mercantilism

152
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• James I
• The Scottish king that succeeded the throne after
  Elizabeth I
• He was first English king to who believed in
  divine right and Absolutism.

153
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Puritans
• The English version of Calvinists that left
  England after being persecuted by James I
• These were the colonists that settled modern
  America.

154
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Mary Queen of Scots
• The Catholic Scottish Queen that was heir to the
  throne before she was beheaded by Elizabeth I for
  conspiracy attempts.
• She was the mother of James I

155
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Presbyterian
• The congregational form of order associated with
  Protestantism
• The form of order is both religious and
  governmental which was essential in making
  England a superpower

156
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Episcopal
• The top down management that is associated with
  Catholicism
• This form of order led to the Absolutist times of
  the French

157
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Impositions
• James I and Charles I tactic of levying taxes
  upon the populous without the consent of
  Parliament
• This is the first step towards the Glorious
  Revolution and the creation of modern England

158
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Millenary Petition
• The Conference in which James I refused to
  acknowledge the grievances of the Puritans
• This conference made it easier for the Puritans
  to move to the Americas

159
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Hampton Court Conference
• The Conference in which James I refused to
  acknowledge the grievances of the Puritans
• This conference made it easier for the Puritans
  to move to the Americas

160
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Plymouth Colony
• The first colony set up by the Puritans in the
  Americas
• This colony eventually led to the settling of the
  Americas and the expanding of British influence.

161
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Duke of Buckingham
• The noble favorite of King James I, who was also
  rumored to be his homosexual lover
• This person showed the dangers of Absolutism to
  the members of Parliament

162
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Charles I
• The son of James I that was beheaded during the
  English Civil War
• His death marked a time of change and tribulation
  for the English

163
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• "Forced Loans
• Charles I method of forcing nobles to loan the
  monarchy money without the intention of paying it
  back
• This was the primary cause of the English Civil
  War in which Charles I was beheaded

164
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Petition of Right
• The petition that Parliament gave to Charles I
  stating that he cannot force any taxation or
  loans without Parliaments permission.
• Charles I dismissal of this Petition started the
  English Civil War

165
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Ship Money
• The measure passed by Charles I in which he taxes
  any person in 30 miles of the English Coast
• This violates the Petition of Right causing
  Parliament to rebel

166
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• William Laud
• Charles I archbishop who tried to impose
  Catholicism upon England
• William Laud successfully alienated Parliament
  even further from the monarchy

167
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• John Pym
• The leader of the Long Parliament that revolted
  against the king
• His revolt eventually led to the Glorious
  Revolution of 1688

168
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Short Parliament
• The Parliament in which Charles I called upon to
  garner finances before he dissolved it
• This was effectively the last time Parliament
  worked for Charles I

169
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Long Parliament
• This Parliament was the Parliament that lasted
  during the English Civil War.
• This Parliament was transformed into the rump
  parliament by Oliver Cromwell

170
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Grand Remonstrance
• The bill of grievances that Long Parliament
  presented to Charles I and was dissolved for.
• The refusal of this bill made Long Parliament
  furious enough to revolt against Charles I

171
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Militia Ordinance
• The bill Parliament passed to allow them to raise
  an army against the king
• This allowed the rise of Oliver Cromwell and the
  common wealth

172
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Cavaliers
• The kings soldiers in the English Civil War
• These would be considered conservatives, and
  monarchists.

173
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Roundheads
• The soldiers of Parliament that toppled the
  monarchy
• This force allowed Oliver Cromwell to rise to
  power, and set up the Commonwealth

174
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Oliver Cromwell
• The leader of the roundheads that later seizes
  power as Lord Protector
• This shows the cycle of most revolutions

175
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• New Model Army
• The new setup of the military that Cromwell set
  ups against the Cavaliers
• This set the basis for modern armies ever since

176
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• "Prides Purge
• This was the killing was any non-Puritan army
  member in an effort to purify the army
• This shows the dangers of the religious
  fanaticism of Oliver Cromwell

177
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• "Rump Parliament
• The Calvinist section of Parliament that was the
  only reigning members after Oliver Cromwell
  eliminated the non-Puritan members.
• This shows the dangers of the religious
  fanaticism of Oliver Cromwell

178
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Charles II
• Son of Charles I who had Catholic sympathies
  thanks to his time in France
• He caused more tension between the restored
  monarchy and Parliament

179
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• The Restoration
• Charles II become king of England after the fall
  of he Commonwealth
• This was an error on Parliament part because the
  next two kings would prove to be identical as
  their father

180
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Treaty of Dover
• English and French alliance economic competitor
  the Dutch
• This shows one of the few times France and
  Britain have been on the same side

181
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Test Act
• All the kings ministers have to renounce
  transubstantiation, banning Catholics from having
  office
• This was aimed at the Catholic brother James II

182
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• "Popish Plot
• Titus Oates starts a plot that a Catholic
  assassination of Charles II was going to occur
• Its was taken seriously as England was deeply
  anti-Catholic at this time

183
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• James II
• The Catholic brother of Charles II who was
  deposed by William I
• The last Stuart king to rule England

184
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• "Glorious Revolution
• The creation of the constitutional monarchy in
  England.
• Significant because it ends most political
  factionalism in England, and creates a stable
  environment that assists growth in the future.

185
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• William of Orange
• The Dutch grandson of the original William of
  Orange
• He later becomes William I of England

186
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Bill of Rights
• The bill given to King William I guaranteeing
  Parliament power over the King
• This effectively ended any major conflict between
  Parliament and the monarchy

187
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Act of Settlement
• Said if William dies without a heir, the crown
  would go to the Hanoverian throne.
• This prevented any conflict over who would rule
  England next

188
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• The Hanoverian Dynasty
• The German throne that rules in England after
  William I
• A member of the Hanoverian Dynasty was George III

189
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Whigs
• The conservative side of Parliament
• This side was pro-monarchy and pro-noble

190
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Tories
• The liberal side of Parliament
• This side was usually pro-people, and
  pro-Parliament

191
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• George I
• The 1st Hanoverian King of Britain
• He was the first Hanoverian king of Britain and
  grandfather of George III

192
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Robert Walpole
• The first prime minister of England
• He was the model of what a prime minister was.

193
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te Consolidation

• Henry IV
• The first Bourbon king of France
• He was formerly known as Henry of Navarre

194
17th/18th Century Absolutism/Constitutionalism/Sta
te C