F 7 Biology Assignment Topic: Non - infection Diseases

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F 7 Biology AssignmentTopic Non - infection
Diseases
By Annie Ng
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What is mean by non-infectious diseases?

• Non infectious diseases are not caused by
  pathogen.
• 2. They are mostly associated with
  malnutrition,inappropriate
• lifestyle or defected genes

1. Cancers
2. Cardiovascular diseases
3. Diabetes mellitus

Example
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Cancer
If bodys immune mechanisms
are enable destroy the abnormal cells which
transform from normal cells to cancer cell in
response to virus ,hormones and some
environmental factors, cancer would develop.
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Tumours
In our body,cells are constantly
becoming old and dying, and new cells are
produced to replace them. Normally, the division
and growth of cells is orderly and controlled but
if this process gets out of control for some
reason, the cells will continue to divide and
develop into a lump which is called a tumour.
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Kinds of tumours

• 1. Benign tumour
• 2. Malignant tumour

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of benign and
malignant tumours
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Benign Tumour
1. They are rarely life-threatening. 2. They
are surrounding by a covering or capsule. 3.
They do not spread and invade the surrounding
tissue. 4. They can growth to such a size as to
cause compression to and displacement of
surrounding tissue or organ.
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Malignant Tumour
1.Malignant tumours are life threatening 2.It
invade and destroy nearby cells and
tissue. 3.They may break off and spread through
the blood vessels and lymphatic drainage
system to other parts of the body to form new
tumours.(metastasis)
4.Cancer is the name given to a malignant tumour
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Schematic diagram of benign and malignant tumours
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Possible causes of cancers
The factors that contribute to the development
of cancer are
1. Exposure to carcinogens
-Physical agents
-chemical agents
-Biological agents
2.Hereditary
predisposition
3.Lifestyle
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Carcinogens
Carcinogens are agents that can cause
cancer or increase the risk of cancer.
Physical agent - These including
X-ray ,cosmic ray radiations
emitted from radon,ultraviolet radiation etc
- X-ray ,cosmic ray, radiation
emitted from radon are ionizing
radiation cause the formation of
chemically active and damaging ions
inside cells and therefore brake DNA
strand. e.g. leukaemia, lung
cancer -UV radiation induce
mutations by causing certain
portions of DNA to remain bound together and
therefore result in misreading
DNA e.g. .skin cancers
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Chemical agents
1. They are benzopyrene ( found in cigarette
smoke ),vinyl chloride (found in plastic
industry),aflatoxin( found in certain moulds ),
hetrocyclic amines( found in over-cooked
food) 2.Chemical agents causes mutation when
they bind to DNA in the cells.They can modify
the two DNA strand and cause incorrect base
pairing during replication 3.Air pollutant
,water pollutant, pollutant in the soil can cause
lung and bladder cancers. 4.Industrial
chemical such as benzene ,asbestos aniline dyes
and certain petroleum products are also
referred to as occupational carcinogens as
they affect workers in a number of occupations.
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Biological agents
1.They are viruses, bacteria, and
parasites. 2.Almost all cancer-causing viruses
are DNA viruses. 3.Examples are
-Human papilloma virus is responsible for
causes of cervical
cancer. -Hepatitis B virus
causes liver cancer.
-Epstein-Barr virus causes cancers of the
lymphatic system and
nasopharynx.
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Hereditary Predisposition
1. Some cancers ,including those of breast,ovary
and colon ,tend to occur more often in some
families than In rest of the population . 2.
These are caused by sharing gene traits that are
known to contribute to cancer. 3. Family
members share exposure to carcinogens in
environment, such as cigarette smoke or
environmental pollutants in a particular
area.
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Lifestyle

• These are referred to habits, diet, and
  occupation.
• A nutritious balanced which is high in fibre ,low
  in ft and
• cholesterol,appear to able to reduce the
  chance of getting
• colon cancer and breast cancer.
• 3. Regular exercise are less likely to develop
  colon, breast and
• prostate cancers.
• 4. Always exposure to the UV radiation is
  responsible for cause of
• skin cancer.
• Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.
• Alcoholism increases the risk of cancers of the
  mouth,
• oesophagus ,larynx,liver and possibly
  pancreas.
• Cervical cancer has been found to be associate
  with having the
• first sexual intercourse at early age and
  exposure to multiple sexual partners

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Ways to reduce the risk of cancers

• 1 . Avoid tobacco products.
• Maintain a healthy eating habit
• Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages.
• Perform regular exercises
• Limit radiation exposure.
• Reduce exposure to the sun.
• 7 . Beware of body changes.

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Cancer screening techniques.
Mammography
Mammography is the available to
early detection of breast disease. There are two
types of mammography procedures
Screening mammography is an X-ray examination of
the breast in a woman. The goal of screening
mammography is to detect cancer when it is still
too small to be felt by her physician or the
woman. Screening mammography
usually involves two views (X-ray pictures) of
each breast. For some patients, additional
pictures may be needed at screening to include as
much breast tissue as possible.  
A mammogram shows a malignant tumor in the breast
of a 71-year-old woman.
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Pap smear test
A Pap smear)is a medical procedure
in which a sample of cells from a woman's cervix
(the end of the uterus that extends into the
vagina) is collected and spread (smeared) on a
microscope slide. The cells are examined under a
microscope in order to look for pre-malignant (
before-cancer ) or malignant changes.
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Global survey of cancer
1 in 3 people will develop cancer
during their lifetime, but cancer is not common
in children or young people - it mainly occurs
in the later years of life. Cancers can occur at
any age, but the risk of developing cancer
increases with age. Over 70 of all newly
diagnosed cancers occur in people aged 60 years
or more. The most recent
statistics for the UK show that for men the most
common cancer is lung cancer (19), followed by
prostate cancer (17), large bowel cancer(14)
and bladder cancer (7). For women the figures
are breast cancer(29), large bowel cancer (12),
lung cancer (11) and cancer of ovary (5).Many
people with cancer can be cured. Even if a
cancer cannot be cured, it can often be
controlled with treatment for months or years
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Prevention


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Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases refer to the
diseases caused by defect of heart and blood
vessels.
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Risk factors increase the incidence of
cardiovascular diseases

• Age The death
  rate from heat diseases increase with age.
• 2.Gender Men are
  more likely to have a coronary heart diseases
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  or stroke than women.
• Heredity The
  chance of developing cardiovascular diseases is
  higher
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  if parents or siblings had the diseases before
  the age of 40.
• 4 . Tobacco smoke Smokers risk of
  heart problem is more than twice that of
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  non- smokers.
• 5.High blood cholesterol People who have high
  cholesterol levels in the blood are
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  at high risk of plaque formation in
  the arteries.

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• High blood pressure High blood
  pressure increase the work load of the
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  heart,causing its wall to
  thicken and become stiffer.
• 7. Physical inactivity
  The more physically active a person is ,the less
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  chance the person suffer
  from cardiovascular
• 
  diseases.
• Obesity
  People who have excess body fat are more
  likely
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  to develop heart
  disease and stroke
• 9.Diabetes mellitus
  Diabetes mellitus results in an abnormal high
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  blood glucose level
  which speed up
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  arteriosclerosis and
  rise the risk of heart attack.
• 10.Stress
  Stress causes the release of
  adrenaline which
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  speed up the heart
  rate, narrows the blood vessels
• 
  and increase the
  blood pressure.These would
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  make the heart work
  harder.

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Way to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular
diseases
1.Stopping smoking 2.Doing regular
exercise 3.Having a well-balanced diet and
maintaining body weight. 4.Minimizing stress
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Diabetes Mellitus
There are two type of diabetes mellitus
1.Type 1 diabetes ( insulin dependent
diabetes ) 2.Type 2 diabetes (
non-insulin- dependent diabetes)
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Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is most commonly
diagnosed in children and adolescents, but can
occur in adults as well. It is an autoimmune
disorder, in which the body's own immune system
attacks the beta cells in the Islets of
Langerhans of the pancreas, destroying them or
damaging them sufficiently to reduce insulin
production. Patients must rely on
insulin medication foe survival.
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Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by
"insulin resistance" as body cells do not
respond appropriately when insulin is present.
This is a more complex problem than type 1, but
is sometimes easier to treat, since insulin is
still produced in many, especially in the intial
years.Severe complications can result from
unnoticed Type 2 diabetes, including
hypertension, renal failure, and coronary artery
disease.
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Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
1. Presence of glucose in the urine. 2. Increase
the urine output and lead to dehydration. 3.
Increase water consumption as patient always
thirst. 4. weight loss 5. blurred vision. 6.
Lead to lethargy and coma. N.B. the symptoms of
type 2 diabetes develops slowly
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Risk factors of Diabetes mellitus
1.Age Men or
women over age 40 are more likely to
develop type 2
diabetes. 2.Family history Type 2
diabetes has strong genetic link. 3.Ethnicity
Being Aboriginal African,
Latin American or
Asian ethnic ancestry are at
higher risk of
developing type2 diabetes. 4.Obesity
Abdominal fat does make
the body less
sensitive to insulin.
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5.Sedentary lifestyle Exercise help
lower diabetic risk by
helping to
control body fat while maintaining
or
improving insulin sensitivity. 6.Over-eating of
sugar food High-sugar diet might worsen
glucose
tolerance.
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Biology principle of control

• Getting a diabetic diet.
• --The diet low in saturated fat ,sugar,
  salt,high in fibre,
• vegetable and fruits.Carbohydrates
  should be spread
• throughout the day.Avoid eating candy
  cookies and other
• sugar foods and drink.
• 2.Reducing body weight.
• 3.Carrying regular exercise.
• 4.Taking medicine.
• 5.Always monitoring blood glucose.
• ---Measure blood glucose level once or
  twice a day

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Risk factors common to major Noncommunicable
conditions
Including hypertension A U-shaped
relationship with risk for cardiovascular disease
is present for alcohol.
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The End