Biology Ch. 2

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Biology Ch. 2

• Principles of Ecology

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I. Organisms and Their Environment

• A. Ecology
• - the study of interactions of living organisms
  with one another and their physical environment

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B. Biosphere

• - the part of Earth that supports life

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1. Abiotic (nonliving) Factors

• - light, temperature, water, soil, climate, air,
  fire, etc.
• - determines what lives where

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- Climatic Zones

• a) Polar
• - long, cold winter
• - very short, intense summer
• b) Temperate
• - 4 definite seasons
• - long growing season
• c) Tropical
• - no winter

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Effects of Elevation on Temperature
Low (Altitude) High
Equatorial (Latitude) Polar
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Olympic/Cascade Rain Shadow
Average AnnualPrecipitation (cm)
Altitude (m)
150
5000
4000
100
3000
2000
50
1000
0
0
West
East
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Earths Curvature, Tilt Make Seasons
Winter Short daysLong nights
Summer Long daysShort nights
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Air Currents and Climatic Regions

• Saharan Arabian deserts are _at_ 30 N

Congo rain forest is _at_ 0
South African Desertis _at_ 30 S
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2. Biotic (living) Factors

• - producers, consumers, and decomposers

Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Producer
Decomposers
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C. Levels of Organization in Ecology
Earthssurface
Biosphere
Air
Soil
Snake
Bushes
Ecosystem
Pronghorns
Water
Hawk
Grass
Hawk
Community
Pronghorns
Snake
Population
Herd of Pronghorns
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1. Population

• - a group of individuals of a species that
  interbreed and living in the same area

2. Community
- all populations interacting in an area (biota)
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3. Ecosystem

• - a community of living organisms and their
  physical environment
• - no definite boundaries

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D. Organisms in Ecosystems

• 1. Habitat
• - a place where an organism lives
• 2. Niche
• - the role and position an organism has in its
  ecosystem
• - Specialization to niches reduces competition

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3. Symbiosis

• - intimate relationships between organisms of two
  species in which at least one benefits

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a) Mutualism

• - relationship where both species benefit

Boxer crab with anemones in claws
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b) Commensalism

• - relationship in which one species benefits
  and one is not affected

Clownfish in host Sea anemone
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c) Parasitism

• - relationship in which one species benefits
  and one is harmed

Parasitic Isopod on fish
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Which type of Symbiosis is this?Northern
Groundconeabsorbing food Salal roots.
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Moss growing on Bigleaf Maple.
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Lichens
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Salt-Marsh Dodder drawing sap from pickleweed.
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Mycorrhizae
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Mycorrhizae
Maple without Mycorrhizae
Maple with Mycorrhizae
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II. Energy and Nutrients

• - The Web of Life
• - Energy flows Nutrients cycle

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A. The Flow of Energy

• 1. Sun
• - only .1 used by living things
• 2. Producers (autotrophs)
• - plants algae that make food
• - photosynthetic

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3. Primary Consumers

• - herbivores (heterotrophs)
• - eat producers
• - retain 10 of energy
• Ex. (grasshopper, mouse, moose)

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4. Secondary (and Tertiary) Consumers
4. Secondary (and Tertiary) Consumers
- carnivores spiders, hawk - retain 10 of
energy
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5. Decomposers
- return nutrients in wastes and remains to
soil - bacteria and fungi
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Energy Flow Loss
Heat
SecondaryConsumer
Producer
PrimaryConsumer
Heat
DetritusFeeders
Food Energy
Heat
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Energy Pyramid The 10 Law
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B. Ecological Pyramids

• - the amount of energy, number of organisms, and
  biomass at each trophic (feeding) level decreases
  as you go up the food chain

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C. Biomagnification

• - water insoluble toxins and metals (DDT,
  mercury, etc.) accumulate up food chain
• - the most in animals high on the food chain
  (eagles, falcons, orcas, pelicans)

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Biomagnification
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D. Nutrient (Biogeochemical) Cycles

• - organisms require essential nutrients for
  growth (CHNOPS)
• - nutrients are continually recycled within an
  ecosystem

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1. Water Cycle
Precipitation

• Evaporation

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Hydrologic Cycle
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2. Carbon-Oxygen Cycles
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Carbon Cycle
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3. Nitrogen Cycle
78 of Atmosphere

• Free Nitrogen

NitrogenFixation
Denitrification
Producers
Soil
Consumers
Decomposers
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Food Web

• Simple food web on a short-grass prairie
• Numbers represent trophic levels

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Energy Flow andNutrient Cycles
Nutrients Cycles
Energy From Sun
Energy Flows

• Heat Lost at Each Energy Transfer

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Land Food Chain
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Aquatic Food Chain
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producers
Tertiary Consumer
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The
End
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Primary Productivity Photosynthesis
O2 releasedto air

• Life uses lt .03 of the sun's incident energy
• Most is lost as heat from respiration

Energyfromsunlight
CO2 absorbedfrom air
Sugarsynthesized
Growth
Photosynthesis
H2O absorbedfrom soil
Mineralsabsorbedfrom soil
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Water Cycle
Water vaporin atmosphere
Water vaporin atmosphere
Evaporationfrom land transpirationfrom plants
Evaporationfrom ocean
Precipitationover ocean
Precipitationover land
Reservoirs
Processes/Locations
Water inocean(reservoir)
Water inocean(reservoir)
Water inocean(reservoir)
Surfacerunoff
Groundwaterseepage
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The Carbon Cycle
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir)
Reservoirs
Processes/Locations
Burning offossil fuels
Fire
Respitation
TrophicLevels/Organisms
Consumers
Producers
Consumers

Wastes,Dead bodies
Wastes,Dead bodies
Wastes,Dead bodies
Soil bacteria detritus feeders
Soil bacteria detritus feeders
Soil bacteria detritus feeders
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir
Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir
Electrical stormsproduce nitrate
Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir
Reservoirs
Processes/Locations
Consumers
Producers
TrophicLevels/Organisms
Wastes,Dead bodies
Uptakebyplants
Dentitrifyingbacteria
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria inlegume rootsand soil
Soil bacteria anddetritus feeders
Ammonia nitrate
Ammonia nitrate
Ammonia nitrate