THE WATER CYCLE

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THE WATER CYCLE
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THE WATER CYCLE
-THE SUPPLY OF WATER ON EARTH IS CONSTANTLY BEING
RECYCLED BETWEEN THE OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE AND LAND
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HOW WATER ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
1) EVAPORATION
2)TRANSPIRATION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING PLANTS RELEASE WATER
VAPOR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
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HOW WATER LEAVES THE ATMOSPHERE
1) WATER VAPOR CONDENSES ON A CONDENSATION NUCLEI
2) DROPLETS BECOME BIG ENOUGH TO FALL TO THE
SURFACE AS PRECIPITATION
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PRECIPITATION AFTER IT FALLS
OUT OF THE SKY?
-50 RETURNS TO THE ATMOSPHERE BY EVAPORATION
-18 INFILTRATES (SINKS) INTO THE GROUND.
-32 IS SURFACE RUNOFF THAT ENTERS LAKES AND
RIVERS
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GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER
-WATER THAT INFILTRATES (SINKS) THE EARTHS
SURFACE
-ONLY 0.6 OF THE EARTHS WATER EXISTS WITHIN THE
GROUND AS GROUNDWATER
-GROUNDWATER IS FRESH WATER
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GROUNDWATER ZONES
-AFTER INFILTRATING THE GROUND, GROUNDWATER
OCCUPIES DISTINCT ZONES
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-ZONE OF SATURATION-
-ALL SPACES, CRACKS AND OTHER OPENINGS IN THE
SOIL AND ROCK GRAINS BECOME COMPLETELY FILLED
WITH WATER
-WATER WILL STOP SINKING INTO THE SOIL ONCE IT
HAS REACHED A LAYER OF SOLID ROCK IMPERMEABLE
BEDROCK UNDERNEATH THE SATURATED ZONE
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-THE WATER TABLE-
THE UPPERMOST SURFACE OF THE SATURATED ZONE
-SOIL AND ROCK ACT AS A NATURAL FILTER ALLOWING
GROUNDWATER TO BE A GOOD SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
-WELLS MUST REACH BELOW THE WATER TABLE IN ORDER
TO YIELD A GOOD SUPPLY OF WATER
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FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STORAGE AND MOVEMENT OF
GROUNDWATER
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POROSITY
THE PERCENTAGE OF EMPTY SPACE , THAT DETERMINES
HOW MUCH AIR OR WATER A SAMPLE OF ROCK CAN HOLD
MOST POROUS
1) SOILS CONTAINING ROUND PARTICLES THAT ARE ALL
THE SAME SIZE
2) PARTICLES THAT ARE NOT CLOSELY PACKED
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LEAST POROUS
1) FLATTENED OR ANGULAR SOIL PARTICLES
2) MIXTURE OF PARTICLE SIZES IN A SOIL. SMALLER
PARTICLES CAN FIT INTO LARGER PARTICLE SPACES
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(No Transcript)
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PERMEABILITY
ABILITY OF A SOIL TO TRANSMIT WATER
-RATE OF PERMEABILITY
-HOW FAST WATER CAN PASS THOUGH A SOIL
-DEPENDS ON SIZE OF THE PORES AND HOW WELL THEY
ARE CONNECTED
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MOST PERMEABLE
-LARGE PORES
-WELL CONNECTED PORES
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SURFACE RUNOFF
1) WHEN RAINFALL EXCEEDS THE PERMEABILITY RATE OF
THE SOIL
2) WHEN A SOIL IS SATURATED
3) WHEN THE SLOPE OR GRADIENT OF A SOILS SURFACE
IS TOO GREAT FOR INFILTRATION TO OCCUR
4) IF THE GROUND IS BELOW 0OC
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CAPILLARITY
ABILITY OF THE SOIL TO DRAW WATER UPWARD INTO
TINY SPACES BETWEEN SOIL GRAINS
-PULLS WATER UP AGAINST GRAVITY BECAUSE OF THE
ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE WATER AND THE SURFACE OF
THE SOIL MOLECULES
-SOILS COMPOSED OF VERY SMALL PARTICLES SHOW THE
GREATEST CAPILLARY UPTAKE
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GREATEST CAPILLARITY
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WATER FOR STREAM FLOW
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-DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER PRECIPITATION,
STREAMS RECEIVE WATER FROM OVERLAND FLOW
-STREAMS FLOW DURING DRY PERIODS BECAUSE OF WATER
COMING FROM THE GROUND
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RAINFALL AND STREAM FLOW
-STREAMS AND RIVERS DO NOT RESPOND IMMEDIATELY TO
RAINFALL
-MOST PRECIPITATION FALLS ON THE GROUND AND THEN
MUST FLOW OVER THE LAND AS RUNOFF TO REACH A
STREAM
-A LAG TIME EXISTS BETWEEN MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION
AND MAXIMUM STREAM DISCHARGE
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HOW QUICKLY DOES A STREAM RESPOND TO
PRECIPITATION?
1)LARGE RIVERS RESPOND SLOWLY
-MOST RUNOFF MUST FLOW A GREAT DISTANCE TO REACH
THE RIVERS
2) SMALL RIVERS AND STREAMS IN MOUNTAIN AREAS
RESPOND QUICKLY
-SURFACE RUNOFF IS QUICKLY DISTRIBUTED
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WATERSHEDS
-GEOGRAPHIC AREA THAT DRAINS INTO A PARTICULAR
STREAM OR BODY OF WATER
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INSOLATION
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INSOLATION Incoming SOlar radiATION
-THE SUNS ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY THAT REACHES
THE EARTH
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INTENSITY STRENGTH OF INSOLATION DEPENDS ON
SEVERAL FACTORS
1) ANGLE OF INSOLATTION
2) DURATION OF INSOLATION
3) TYPE OF SURFACE THE INSOLATION STRIKES
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ANGLE OF INSOLATION
-MEASURE OF HOW HIGH THE SUN IS IN THE SKY.
-THE ANGLE IS MEASURED FROM THE HORIZON UP TO THE
POSITION OF THE SUN
EX
-THE NOON SUN HAS THE GREATEST ANGLE OF INSOLATION
NOON HAS THE GREATEST INTENSITY OF INSOLATION PER
UNIT AREA
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EX
IN THE MORNING AND THE AFTERNOON WHEN THE SUN IS
LOWER IN THE SKY, SUNLIGHT IS LESS DIRECT AND
LESS INTENSE
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THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION CHANGES SEASONALLY.
IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
HIGHEST INSOLATION SUMMER SOLSTICE (JUNE 21)
LOWEST INSOLATIONWINTER SOLSTICE(DEC 21)
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BECAUSE THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL, EACH LATITUDE
RECEIVES A DIFFERENT ANGLE OF INSOLATION
BETWEEN 23 ½ N AND 23 ½ S LATITUDE
-RECEIVE VERTICAL RAYS (90o OF INSOLATION) EACH
DAY AT NOON
-THIS EXPLAINS SUCH WARM TEMPERATURES AROUND THE
EQUATOR
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MOVEMENT FARTHER N AND S OF THE EQUATOR
THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION BECOMES LESS (LESS ANGLE
BETWEEN THE HORIZON AND THE SUN.)
SLANTING RAYS ARE WEAKER IN INTENSITY BECAUSE
THEY DISTRIBUTE THEIR ENERGY OVER A LARGER AREA
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DURATION OF INSOLATION
-LENGTH OF TIME FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET
-AT ANY LOCATION ON EARTH, THE TOTAL TIME THE SUN
IS ABOVE THE HORIZON IS 6 MONTHS A YEAR.
EQUATOR12 HOURS DAYLIGHT, 12 HOURS NIGHT
NORTH POLE6 MONTHS OF SUNLIGHT, 6 MONTHS DARKNESS
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ABSORPTION OF INSOLATION
WATER
-NEEDS MORE ENERGY TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE. THAN
LAND
-HEATS UP AND COOLS OFF MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND
-REFLECTS INSOLATION BETTER THAN LAND
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-INSOLATION CAN PENETRATE DEEPER THAN LAND
BECAUSE WATER IS TRANSPARENT
-CONVECTION IN WATER CAN CARRY HEAT ENERGY DEEP
IN THE HYDROSPHERE.
THE SAME AMOUNT OF INSOLATION CAN TRAVEL
THROUGH A GREATER VOLUME OF WATER THAN LAND
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REFLECTION OF INSOLATION
-LIGHT COLORED OBJECTS REFLECT INSOLATION BETTER
SNOW ICE WATER
-CAUSES COOLER TEMPERATURES IN THESE AREAS
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TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
-ENERGY WAVES EMITTED BY THE SUN ARE SHORTER IN
WAVELENGTH THAN THOSE RELEASED AS INFRARED FROM
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
-LONG INFRARED WAVES ARE ABSORBED BY GASSES AND
ARE TRAPPED IN THE ATMOSPHERE, SIMILAR TO A
GREENHOUSE
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THE INSOLATION-TEMPERATURE LAG
-A TIME LAG EXISTS BETWEEN THE TIME OF MAXIMUM
INSOLATION AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
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CLIMATE
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CLIMATE
-BASED ON ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS OVER A LONG
PERIOD OF TIME
-THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION OF AN
AREA DETERMINES THE CLIMATE OF A PARTICULAR
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
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UNITED STATES CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
-GENERALLY GETS COOLER THE FARTHER NORTH YOU
TRAVEL
PRECIPITATION
-MOST OF SOUTHWEST US IS CONSIDERED AN ARID
CLIMATE
-THERE IS NOT ENOUGH PRECIPITATION TO SATISFY
WHAT COULD EVAPORATE UNDER THE HOT AND DRY
CONDITIONS THERE
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FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
LATITUDE
-IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE AVERAGE LOCAL TEMPERATURES
-AS THE DISTANCE FROM THE EQUATOR INCREASES, THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DECREASES
-LOCATIONS IN THE MID LATITUDES EXPERIENCE LARGE
SEASONAL CHANGES IN TEMPERATURES
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ALTITUDE
-HIGH ALTITUDE LOCATIONS HAVE COOL CLIMATES
BECAUSE AIR COOLS AS IT REACHES HIGHER ELEVATIONS
ADIABATIC COOLING
AIR RISES?AIR EXPANDS DUE TO LESS PRESSURE?AIR
COOLS
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MOUNTAIN RANGES
-CAN MODIFY TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
EX WARM, MOIST AIR FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN IS
OFTEN FORCED TO RISE DUE TO A MOUNTAIN BARRIER.
THE AIR UNDERGOES ADIABATIC COOLING AND MAY COOL
BELOW DEW POINT AND CAUSE PRECIPITATION
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LOCATIONS ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN
WILL BE MORE MOIST
LOCATIONS ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN
WILL BE WARMER AND DRIER
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OCEANS AND LARGE BODIES OF WATER
-BECAUSE OF WATERS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT, IT WARMS
UP AND COOLS OFF MUCH MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND
-LOCATIONS NEAR LARGE BODIES OF WATER HAVE MORE
MODERATE CLIMATES-WARMER WINTERS AND COOLER
SUMERS
-LOCATIONS INLAND HAVE GREATER SEASONAL
TEMPERATURES
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OCEAN CURRENTS
THE TEMPERATURE OF A CURRENT OF WATER WILL AFFECT
THE AIR TEMPERATURE ABOVE IT
EX THE GULF STREAM
WARM WATER COMES UP FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND
BRINGS WARM AIR WITH IT