Title: ????S ? :
1?????? ?????? ???????O??O?
- ????S ?
-
- ??????????O????? T?????
- ?????S??S? ??. 1
- ??S?GOG?
2?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
- Before the Birth of Radio'', 1867-1896
- 1820 Oersted demonstrated that an electric
current produces a magnetic field - 1831 Faraday showed that an induced current is
produced by moving a magnet in the vicinity of a
conductor (i.e. a changing magnetic field
produces an electric field) - 1867 Based on the above background Maxwell
predicted existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves
and formulated the basic theory - 1887 Hertz proved existence of EM waves a
transmitter generated a signal in a receiver
several meters away - 1890 Branly developed coherer for detecting
radio waves - 1896 Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless
telegraph to English telegraph office
3?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
- The Birth of Radio
- 1897 Marconi awarded patent for wireless
telegraph - 1897 First Marconi station'' established on
Needles island to communicate with English coast - 1898 Marconi awarded English patent no. 7777 for
tuned communication - 1898 Wireless telegraphic connection between
England and France established
4?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
- Transoceanic Communication
- 1901 Marconi successfully transmitted radio
signal across Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to
Newfoundland -
- 1902 First bidirectional communication across
Atlantic - 1909 Marconi awarded Nobel prize for physics
5?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
-
- Voice over Radio
- 1914 First voice over radio transmission
- 1920s Mobile receivers installed in police cars
in Detroit - 1930s Mobile transmitters developed radio
equipment occupied most of police car trunk - 1935 Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by
Armstrong - 1940s Majority of police systems converted to FM
- Developments in electronics (vacuum tube,
transistor, IC)
6?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
- Cellular Mobile Telephony
- 1979 NTT/Japan deployed first cellular
communication system - 1983 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
deployed in US in 900 MHz band supports 666
duplex channels - 1989 Groupe Spècial Mobile defined European
digital cellular standard, GSM - 1991 US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
(IS-54) - 1993 IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed
in US - 1994 GSM system deployed in US, relabeled
Global System for Mobile Communications''
7?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
- PCS and Beyond
- 1995 International and national level boards
auctioned off new frequency bands for Personal
Communications Systems (PCS) at 1.8 GHz - 2000 Third generation cellular system standards
started being established - 2001 Number of cellular telephone users more
than 700M worldwide (10M in 1990) - Today and the coming years intensive research
efforts towards next generations
8????t?? ep????????e? Ge????
- ????t? as??µat? t??ef???a ?p??es?a µet?d?s??
f????, s?st?µa GSM, DCS-1800 , 2.5 G, 3G - ??e? as??µate? ?p??es?e? (e????a, ß??te? )
- apa?t?s? ??a ??????? ???µ??? µet?d?s?? t??
t??e?? t?? µe????? Mb/s - as??µat? µet?d?s? p???d??de?s? t?? s?µat??,
d?as?µß????? pa?eµß???, ?e???te?e?e? ?s?
a????eta? ? ???µ?? µet?d?s?? - ????p???? ??f?a?? epe?e??as?a
- ???a s?st?µata
- Radio paging systems
- Cordless telephony
- WLAN
9????t?? ?p????????e? Ge????
- ???s?µ?p?????ta? p???ap??? a?aµetad?te? µe
p?µp??? ?aµ???? ?s???? ( Pt lt 100W) - ? ??? pe????? e?d?af????t?? ?p?d?a??e?ta? se
?p?pe?????? (?????e?) - Se ???e ?????? (cell) a?t?st???e? ??a?
a?aµetad?t?? ? sta?µ?? ß?s?? (base station) p??
pe???aµß??e? p?µp?, d??t? ?a? e?e??t? (??a µ?a
?µ?da ap? BS). - St?? pe????? e?????? t?? ???e sta?µ?? ß?s??
a?at??e?ta? s???e???µ??e? ???e? s????t?t??.
10????t?? ?p????????e? ? ?d?a t?? ???????
11????t?? ?p????????e? ???t?pa ???e??? se ???t?a
p??e??
12????t?? ?p????????e? Cell clusters
13????t?? ?p????????e? ???p?? d??d?s??
LOS, Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering
14????t?? ?p????????e? Ge???? pe????af? t??
s?st?µat??
15????t?? ?p????????e? ?e?t??????? d????aµµa
- Mobile Switching Center (MSC) also connected to
- Home Location Register
- Visitors Location Register
- Authentication Center
- Operation and Maintenance Center
16S?st?µa GSM
17S?st?µa GSM
- ?????????da 0.577 ms ??a ???e ???st?, µ?a ?µ?da 8
?????????d?? ?a?e?ta? TDMA frame ?a? µetad?deta?
???e 4.615 ms - s??????? µetad?d??ta? 156.25 bit sta 0.577 ms,
gross bit rate 270.833 kbps - ? a???????a e?µ???s?? t?? 26 bit ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
??a t?? ?s?st??µ?s? - ? ?s?st??µ?s? ?e?t????e? d?e?e????ta? t? p?? ?
???st? e?pa?de?t??? a???????a ep??e??eta? ap? t??
p???d??de?s? - ? ???p???s? t?? ?s?sta?µ?st? de? p??sd?????eta?
st?? p??d?a??af?? t?? GSM
18S?st?µa GSM
UMTS GPRS, EDGE General packet radio
services Enhanced data for GSM
evolution GSM, DCS
19?p?µe?e? ?e???? ??e? p?????se??
-
- S?st?µata ???? (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)
- ???a?a a?t?µet?p?s? t?? d?ad??as??? ??aµ??f?s?
?s?st??µ?s? ??d???p???s? ??a???? - ???sa?µ?st???? d?aµ??f?se??. ??t?µet?p?s? t?? µ?
??aµµ???t?t??. - T?µata ???p???se?? (apa?t?se?? p?a?µ. ??????,
pe?????sµ??? ?ata????s?) - ?e?t?st?p???se?? µe s??e??as?a ep?p?d?? (a???s?
?????? ????t???t?ta?, e??es? ??s?? ??p)
20???ß??µata sta ?p??a ?a est??s??µe
-
- ??a???? ????t?? ?p????????a?
- ?d?a?te?a ?a?a?t???st???
- ???te??p???s?
- ?e?????? ??d???p???s?? ????? ?µfas? st??
pe??pt?s? t?? F???? - ?p?d?t???? ?e?????? ??f?a??? ??aµ??f?s??
- ?s?st??µ?s? (???s?s?) ??a???? ??af??et???t?ta
????? ?a? e?p?µp?? (diversity)