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????S ? :

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Title: ????S ? :


1
?????? ?????? ???????O??O?
  • ????S ?
  • ??????????O????? T?????
  • ?????S??S? ??. 1
  • ??S?GOG?

2
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • Before the Birth of Radio'', 1867-1896
  • 1820 Oersted demonstrated that an electric
    current produces a magnetic field
  • 1831 Faraday showed that an induced current is
    produced by moving a magnet in the vicinity of a
    conductor (i.e. a changing magnetic field
    produces an electric field)
  • 1867 Based on the above background Maxwell
    predicted existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves
    and formulated the basic theory
  • 1887 Hertz proved existence of EM waves a
    transmitter generated a signal in a receiver
    several meters away
  • 1890 Branly developed coherer for detecting
    radio waves
  • 1896 Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless
    telegraph to English telegraph office

3
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • The Birth of Radio
  • 1897 Marconi awarded patent for wireless
    telegraph
  • 1897 First Marconi station'' established on
    Needles island to communicate with English coast
  • 1898 Marconi awarded English patent no. 7777 for
    tuned communication
  • 1898 Wireless telegraphic connection between
    England and France established

4
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • Transoceanic Communication
  • 1901 Marconi successfully transmitted radio
    signal across Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to
    Newfoundland
  • 1902 First bidirectional communication across
    Atlantic
  • 1909 Marconi awarded Nobel prize for physics

5
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • Voice over Radio
  • 1914 First voice over radio transmission
  • 1920s Mobile receivers installed in police cars
    in Detroit
  • 1930s Mobile transmitters developed radio
    equipment occupied most of police car trunk
  • 1935 Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by
    Armstrong
  • 1940s Majority of police systems converted to FM
  • Developments in electronics (vacuum tube,
    transistor, IC)

6
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • Cellular Mobile Telephony
  • 1979 NTT/Japan deployed first cellular
    communication system
  • 1983 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
    deployed in US in 900 MHz band supports 666
    duplex channels
  • 1989 Groupe Spècial Mobile defined European
    digital cellular standard, GSM
  • 1991 US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
    (IS-54)
  • 1993 IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
    spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed
    in US
  • 1994 GSM system deployed in US, relabeled
    Global System for Mobile Communications''

7
?s??µate? ?p????????e? ?st????? a?ad??µ?
  • PCS and Beyond
  • 1995 International and national level boards
    auctioned off new frequency bands for Personal
    Communications Systems (PCS) at 1.8 GHz
  • 2000 Third generation cellular system standards
    started being established
  • 2001 Number of cellular telephone users more
    than 700M worldwide (10M in 1990)
  • Today and the coming years intensive research
    efforts towards next generations

8
????t?? ep????????e? Ge????
  • ????t? as??µat? t??ef???a ?p??es?a µet?d?s??
    f????, s?st?µa GSM, DCS-1800 , 2.5 G, 3G
  • ??e? as??µate? ?p??es?e? (e????a, ß??te? )
  • apa?t?s? ??a ??????? ???µ??? µet?d?s?? t??
    t??e?? t?? µe????? Mb/s
  • as??µat? µet?d?s? p???d??de?s? t?? s?µat??,
    d?as?µß????? pa?eµß???, ?e???te?e?e? ?s?
    a????eta? ? ???µ?? µet?d?s??
  • ????p???? ??f?a?? epe?e??as?a
  • ???a s?st?µata
  • Radio paging systems
  • Cordless telephony
  • WLAN

9
????t?? ?p????????e? Ge????
  • ???s?µ?p?????ta? p???ap??? a?aµetad?te? µe
    p?µp??? ?aµ???? ?s???? ( Pt lt 100W)
  • ? ??? pe????? e?d?af????t?? ?p?d?a??e?ta? se
    ?p?pe?????? (?????e?)
  • Se ???e ?????? (cell) a?t?st???e? ??a?
    a?aµetad?t?? ? sta?µ?? ß?s?? (base station) p??
    pe???aµß??e? p?µp?, d??t? ?a? e?e??t? (??a µ?a
    ?µ?da ap? BS).
  • St?? pe????? e?????? t?? ???e sta?µ?? ß?s??
    a?at??e?ta? s???e???µ??e? ???e? s????t?t??.

10
????t?? ?p????????e? ? ?d?a t?? ???????
11
????t?? ?p????????e? ???t?pa ???e??? se ???t?a
p??e??
12
????t?? ?p????????e? Cell clusters
13
????t?? ?p????????e? ???p?? d??d?s??
LOS, Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering
14
????t?? ?p????????e? Ge???? pe????af? t??
s?st?µat??
15
????t?? ?p????????e? ?e?t??????? d????aµµa
  • Mobile Switching Center (MSC) also connected to
  • Home Location Register
  • Visitors Location Register
  • Authentication Center
  • Operation and Maintenance Center

16
S?st?µa GSM
17
S?st?µa GSM
  • ?????????da 0.577 ms ??a ???e ???st?, µ?a ?µ?da 8
    ?????????d?? ?a?e?ta? TDMA frame ?a? µetad?deta?
    ???e 4.615 ms
  • s??????? µetad?d??ta? 156.25 bit sta 0.577 ms,
    gross bit rate 270.833 kbps
  • ? a???????a e?µ???s?? t?? 26 bit ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
    ??a t?? ?s?st??µ?s?
  • ? ?s?st??µ?s? ?e?t????e? d?e?e????ta? t? p?? ?
    ???st? e?pa?de?t??? a???????a ep??e??eta? ap? t??
    p???d??de?s?
  • ? ???p???s? t?? ?s?sta?µ?st? de? p??sd?????eta?
    st?? p??d?a??af?? t?? GSM

18
S?st?µa GSM
UMTS GPRS, EDGE General packet radio
services Enhanced data for GSM
evolution GSM, DCS
19
?p?µe?e? ?e???? ??e? p?????se??
  • S?st?µata ???? (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)
  • ???a?a a?t?µet?p?s? t?? d?ad??as??? ??aµ??f?s?
    ?s?st??µ?s? ??d???p???s? ??a????
  • ???sa?µ?st???? d?aµ??f?se??. ??t?µet?p?s? t?? µ?
    ??aµµ???t?t??.
  • T?µata ???p???se?? (apa?t?se?? p?a?µ. ??????,
    pe?????sµ??? ?ata????s?)
  • ?e?t?st?p???se?? µe s??e??as?a ep?p?d?? (a???s?
    ?????? ????t???t?ta?, e??es? ??s?? ??p)

20
???ß??µata sta ?p??a ?a est??s??µe
  • ??a???? ????t?? ?p????????a?
  • ?d?a?te?a ?a?a?t???st???
  • ???te??p???s?
  • ?e?????? ??d???p???s?? ????? ?µfas? st??
    pe??pt?s? t?? F????
  • ?p?d?t???? ?e?????? ??f?a??? ??aµ??f?s??
  • ?s?st??µ?s? (???s?s?) ??a???? ??af??et???t?ta
    ????? ?a? e?p?µp?? (diversity)
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