WiMAX

1
WiMAX

• By
• Assad Saleem

2
Wireless Communication Standards

• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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Personal Area Network

• IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)
• IEEE 802.15.1.1a (Bluetooth)
• IEEE 802.15.3.a (Ultra-Wide Band or Bluetooth
  Future)

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Local Area Network

• IEEE 802.11a
• IEEE 802.11b
• IEEE 802.11g

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• WiMAX
• IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
• IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
• 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA,
  HSPA, SAE/LTE)
• 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT, 1xEV-DO,
  Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)

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Standards Organization

• IEEE
• 3GPP
• 3GPP2
• IETF
• WiMAX Forum
• OMA
• FMC
• ETSI
• ETSI TISPAN

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• WiMAX
• IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
• IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
• 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA,
  HSPA, SAE/LTE)
• 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT, 1xEV-DO,
  Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)

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Evolution of Standards
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What is the Cause of Evolution
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Demand for High Data Rates

• High Data Rates- (DL 46 Mbps, UL 14 Mbps in 10
  MHz channel)
• Due to MIMO, flexible sub-channelization,
  advanced coding modulation

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Scalability in Channelization

• 1.25 MHz Channel Bandwidth
• 5 MHz Channel Bandwidth
• 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth
• 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• WiMAX
• IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
• IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
• 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA,
  HSPA, SAE/LTE)
• 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT, 1xEV-DO,
  Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)

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1st Generation of Telecommunication Systems

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
• Developed and introduced in North America in
  early 1980s
• Operates in 800-MHz band
• 821 to 849 MHz for upstream and
• 869 to 894 MHz) for downstream
• Total Access Communication Services (TACS)
• European version of AMPS
• operates in 890 to 915 MHz
• 890-915 for upstream and
• 935-960 MHz for downstream.

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AMPS/TACS

• These systems were narrow band and analog.

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2nd Generation Of Telecommunication Systems

• 2G was a major advancement over 1G
• Used digital radio technology
• Enabled to Use better multiplexing techniques,
• Enabled to digitize voice to increase spectral
  efficiency.
• Offered superior voice quality
• Offered better radio resource utilization over 1G

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GSMYear 1992

• 2G Used digital radio technology deployed
  worldwide except Japan

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2.5 Generation of Telecommunication Systems

• Internets fast growth triggered demand for data
  services
• CS GSM offered data services by adding
• SGSN
• GGSN
• Offered 128 Kbps of data service but not
  essentially faster services

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2.75 Generation Telecommunication Systems

• EDGE, an enhanced version of GPRS
• Used 8PSK at high GMSK at lower data rates
• Provided data rates of up to 384 Kbps
• 2.5G strived to enhance per-user data rates over
  2G
• But demand for even higher data rates was there
• It triggered the formation of 3GPP to work on 3G

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2.75 Generation Telecommunication Systems

• EDGE Year 2002 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
  Evolution
• EDGE was the final evolution in GSM
• Demand for even higher data rates lead to form 3G
  and 3GPP
• Deployed worldwide except Japan

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Evolution at a Glance

• 2G
• GSM, GPRS, and EDGE were standardized by ETSI
• Transferred to 3GPP for maintenance
• 3GPP updates specifications in the form of
  releases
• 3G
• Release 99 was the first release to provide
  basic 3G standard
• Followed by Release 4
• Release 5
• Release 6
• Release 7 and recently
• Release 8
• B3G
• 3.5 G and
• 3.9 G (HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, evolved HSPA, and
  currently SAE/LTE)
• 4G
• No clear Definition of 4G

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Advanced Wireless Communications

• Support MAN, WAN, wireless local-loop
  application, and 4G wireless telephony
• Provide high data rate, MIMO services
• Efficient use of available spectrum and bandwidth
  
• Tolerant to channel distortion and multipath

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WiMAX

• WiMAX is a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Based upon Orthogonal Frequency Division
  Multiplexed (OFDM) signaling
• Software Radio Prototyping Components are
  available to support applied research of OFDM
  signaling and MIMO system performance.

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WiMAX

• WiMAX is a standard
• For Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
  Access
• It is based on IEEE 802.16 Standards
• WiMAX is a Technology
• to provide broadband applications in more
  optimized way compared to existing wireless
  technologies

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WiMAX

• Specified for
• Non line-of-sight connectivity
• Access within the range of 50 Km
• Frequency Bands from 2 GHz to 11GHz
• Applications
• Replacement for DSL potentially less expensive
  while providing higher bandwidth
• Suitable for multimedia and faster internet
  accessibility

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WiMAX

• WiMAX has two Flavors
• 802.16d (Not Forward Compatible)
• 802.16e 802.16m
• Fixed/Portable/ Nomadic WiMAX is expected to
  deliver
• 40 Mbps in 3-10 Km cell
• Last mile broadband connections
• Hotspots and Cellular backhaul
• OFDM
• Mobile WiMAX is expected to deliver
• 5 Mbps in 1.3-3 Km cell
• Vehicular speeds gt 120 km/hr
• NLOS
• OFDMA
• 802.16j is another Standard for Multi-hop relay

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Fixed/Mobile Scenario
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Where Does WiMAX Play?

• Small and Large Enterprises
• Public Network
• Residential Broadband
• Portable, Nomadic and Mobile Access
• Wireless Backhaul
• Hot Spot

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What is WiMAX Forum (WF)?

• Established April 2001
• Sponsors IEEE ETSI (HiperMAN)
• Members gt500 companies (as of Oct 26 07)
• Service Providers
• Equipment Vendors
• Device Vendors
• Semiconductor

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Objectives of WF

• Support FIXED MOBILE access
• Ensure Interoperability/Certification
• Resolve Regulatory Issues
• Facilitate Roaming Agreements

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WiMAX

• WiMAX is the acronym for Worldwide for Microwave
  Interoperability Access
• IEEE standard for Broadband Wireless MAN Access,
  referred as IEEE 802.16
• IEEE approved its first version in 2001 which was
  later published in year 2002
• An alternative solution to the existing DSL,
  cable, and T1/E1 technology for the last mile
  access

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WiMAX would Win or Loose?

• i.e. Would it become a Broadband Mobile Wireless
  Standard???
• vs

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WiMAX MAY Win

• Why?
• 7 Reasons of WiMAX Success

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1. Early Time to Market Vs Contending Technologies

• Early Time to Market because
• Got ready made PHY from IEEE.
• Aggressive efforts of Intel, etc.

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2. Operators willingness towards Deployments

• Some established operators will use WiMAX as a
  Complimentary Solution for broadband evolution
  for off-loading traffic on existing network e.g.
  Sprint, USA
• Some have already Deployed (e.g. Korea,
  Pakistan-Pre Commercial Service)
• Some have completed and some are doing Field
  Trials (e.g., USA, Europe, Japan)
• Some aggressive ones are not Discouraged by
  difficulties e.g. Spectrum Issues in Japan
• Some established operators will use WiMAX for
  Data only e.g. KDDI, Japan

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3. WiMAX is Cost Effective

• WiMAX is based on IEEE standard
• IEEE has RAND Policy that ensures fair IPR
  licensing practices. It reduce royalties
• WiMAX is interoperable
• Well Planned Strategy of WiMAX forum right from
  the start, as opposed to Wi-Fi
• WiMAX is Adopted by ETSI
• It makes it adoption global and ensure economies
  of scale thus lower cost low.
• WiMAX Operates on IP Platform
• Substantially reduces operating/capital cost
• WiMAX is a Dedicated Data Network (contrast to
  Mobile Networks)
• It has enough capacity and spectrum for high
  speed data services at affordable rates
• WiMAX Spectrum is also expected to be
  significantly lower in price.
• 55 operators believe WiMAX a lower cost of
  delivery compared to 3G In most cases,
• CPE will be user-funded.

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4. WiMAX is attractive option for Green Field
Operators

• Mobile WiMAX System is ideal for green field
  operators
• Built from scratch
• Free from issues like legacy/backward
  compatibility
• Attractive for developing and under served
  markets
• 50 of countries still have GSM (GPRS not
  deployed yet)
• Sprint still have EvDO Rev-0 (and is behind
  Verizon)
• Wateen in Pakistan, a green field operator
  decided to deploy WiMAX

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5. Superior Performance

• Simulations show that
• WiMAX has better Spectral Efficiency (More than
  two times)

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5. Superior Performance

• Simulations show that
• WiMAX has better Performance than existing
  cellular systems
• Number of Required Base Stations
• Lower path loss
• Better penetration
• Lower Doppler shift Better mobility

• Low complexity in design interference immunity
• Less weather-induced impairments
• Higher transmit powers

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6. WiMAX has Booming market demand
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7. Some Other Factors

• Removal of a Threat from 802.20 (Suspension of
  802.20 on June 20th 2006)
• Plug Play (Easy Installation)
• WiMAX does not require a truck roll in
  installation and operation of CPE
• Easy installation reduces CPE cost (zero cost
  over the time)

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WiMAX May Not Win?

• Why?
• 7 Reasons of WiMAX Failure

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1. Existing 3G Investments

• Some Operators are Reluctant because of Existing
• Multi-billion dollars investments in 2G/3G
• Particularly those who have gone far in advanced
  3G
• E.g. Deployed HSPDA
• Additional site acquisition and construction
  costs considerations

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2. Evolution of 3G

• The main competition is from SAE/LTE
• Had WiMAX been developed a few years earlier, it
  had been a sure success.
• In fact development of WiMAX actually triggered
  3G Evolution
• WiMAX triggered both camps to have aggressive and
  competitive time schedule.
• In absence of WiMAX, 3G operators might have
  further delayed introduction of 4G until 2012-2015

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3. Varity of Options

• Though WiMAX is less costly, availability of
  large number of options may increase the
  bargaining capacity of operators to get reduction
  in the equipment price

• SAE/LTE
• HSPA/HSPA
• HSDPA

• EvDO Rev-A
• EvDO REV B
• EvDO REV C

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4. Spectrum Issue (Source WiMAX Forum)
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4. Spectrum Issue

• 2.5 GHz is not internationally available
• Licensed 3.5 GHz,
• though widely available internationally,
• but suffers from huge inconsistencies in
  different countries
• e.g., in the pricing, regulations, bandwidth and
• conditions attached to those licenses
• 5GHz
• attractive for many Applications because it
  allows higher power output (4 Watts), but
• Mobility feature becomes less attractive in
  higher spectrum

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4. Spectrum Issue

• Lack of sufficient Spectrum availability across
  the Globe
• May hinder 802.16e to become a global mobile
  standard.
• May block WiMAX efforts to take an important
  place in 4G

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5. Formation of WMC

• Formation of WMC may split WiMAX world into two
• The WiMAX-802.16e and
• The WiBro (Pre-WiMAX)
• The activities of the WMC may conflict with those
  of the WiMAX Forum in
• Technology and
• Regulatory improvements
• WMC may create a large island of Wi-Bro
  deployments. This may cause
• Limited roaming and interoperability capabilities
  with WiMAX-802.16e.
• Serious delay in achieving global roaming and
  harmonization around full 802.16e.

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6. Difficulties of Ensuring Seamless Mobility

• Difficulties of ensuring seamless portability or
  mobility across network

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7. Absence of content and applications

• Absence of content and applications

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Bibliography

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Questions?
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Thank You.