CELLS

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CELLS
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Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the smallest functional part of a
  living organism
• All cells come from other cells

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CELL TYPES

• Cells are either
• PROKARYOTIC
• or
• EUKARYOTIC

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Prokaryotic cells

• 1. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• Nuclear region, contains one single DNA molecule
  arranged in a circular chromosome
• 2. Structure
• They have RIBOSOMES!!
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall (different than plants)
• Some have capsules outside wall
• Some have pilli or flagella

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Eukaryotic cells

• Have NUCLEUS and membrane bound organelles
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm - everything between plasma membrane
  and nucleus

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Organelle

• A minute (small) membrane bound structure within
  a plant or animal cell that has a particular job
  or function.

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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Nucleus

• CONTROL CENTER for activities reproduction
• DNA chromosomes housed here.
• Has double membrane
• Pores (holes or openings) to get messages in and
  out
• Chromatin DNA Protein put together
• Nucleolus - site of ribosome production

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

• Made of phospholipid and protein bilayer.
• Cell boundary
• Regulates entering exiting of materials

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outside the cell
interior of cell
cytoskeleton
cholesterol
Carbohydrate Chains
phospholipid
Channel protein
membrane protein
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Ribosomes

• Site of Protein Synthesis

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Mitochondria

• Site of cellular respiration. Energy production
• Powerhouse. Numerous amounts in cells needing
  lots of energy where a lot of work is done
  (example muscle cells)

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Chloroplasts

• Site of photosynthesis where light energy is
  converted to chemical energy.
• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll which
  captures light.
• Found only in plants.

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VACUOLE

• STORAGE for food and water
• PLANT VACUOLES are larger than animal vacuoles

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Some protista cell vacuoles pump water out by
contracting
FIND 2 Contractile vacuoles in this Paramecium?
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Cell Walls

• Has Cellulose
• Nonliving
• Rigid
• Outer boundary
• Provides protection and shape

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Animal vs Plant Cell

• Animal cells
• Roundish
• Plant cells
• Rectangular
• Large permanent central vacuole
• Cellulose cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• (All other organelles are common to both)

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• HOW DO THE CHROMOSOMES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
  DIFFER FROM THOSE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS?
• Except in the mitochondria and other organelles,
  eukaryotic chromosomes are linear whereas
  prokaryotic chromosomes are circular.
• Eukaryotes typically have many chromosomes,
  whereas prokaryotes have only a single
  chromosome.
• Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA in the nucleus is
  wound on nucleosome cores whereas prokaryotic DNA
  is nakedi.e., there are no nucleosomes or
  other proteins on which the DNA is wound.
• Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, receiving a
  set of chromosomes from each parent. Thus their
  chromosomes occur in homologous pairs, each
  consisting of one chromosome from each parent
  bearing basically the same genes in the same
  order. Prokaryotes are haploid their single
  circular chromosome is unpaired.

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Time to do your work ? ? ? ?
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CELL SPECIALIZATION

• Different kinds of cells suited for a different
  activity. 

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DIVISION OF LABOR

• Different cells divide their labor. Each has a
  specific function and supports each other.

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Levels of Structure

• 1. Cell
• 2. Tissue
• 3. Organ
• 4. Organ system
• 5. Organism

5. Organism
4. Organ System
3. Organ
2. Tissue
1. Cells
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TISSUE  

• Group of cells that are alike in structure and
  activity in an organism.
• EXAMPLES
• muscles - motion
• bones support
• nerves - coordination, perception and automatic
  body functions
• Can you name some other types of tissue?

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ORGAN

• Several tissues working as a unit heart
• animal brain cell stomach  stem
  
• plant trunkcell leaf
• CAN YOU LIST SOME MORE ANIMAL ORGANS? 

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ORGAN SYSTEM

• Many organs involved in carrying out a function
• digestive
• nervous
• skeletal
• excretory
• respiratory
• endocrine
• circulatory
• muscular
• reproductive
• integumentary

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ORGANISM

• Complete living thing
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system

All 4 make up the organism
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BYE BYE!!
BYE BYE!!