Interphase

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• Interphase Cell Division

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• G1 cell grows and carries out its normal job.
• S phase DNA is copied (replicated/duplicated)
• G2 Cell prepares for division

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• During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down
  and the copied chromosomes are separated to
  either side of the cell. (this is mitosis)
• Then , the cell divides. (This is cytokinesis)

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• The cytoplasm of the cell divides, cutting the
  cell in half.
• In animals, the cell pinches in half.
• In plants, the cell builds a new cell wall in the
  middle of the cell. The new cell wall is called a
  cell plate.

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• A Early Prophase
• B Telophase
• C Metaphase
• D Interphase
• E Anaphase
• F Late Prophase

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Phase Description
Prophase DNA condenses to form chromosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase Copied chromosomes line up at the center (equator) of the cell.
Anaphase Copied chromosomes (sister chromatids) split apart and begin moving to the poles of the cell.
Telophase The exact opposite of prophase. DNA unwinds and the new nuclear envelopes reform.
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• Mitosis is for growth and repair.
• Meiosis is for production of gametes

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• Haploid a cell with half the normal number of
  chromosomes. These cells are usually gametes.
• Diploid a cell with a full set of chromosomes.
  These cells are usually somatic cells.

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Asexual Sexual
Similarities Both are types of reproduction Both involve the production of new cells
Differences Asexual produced identical cells. Sexual produces different cells. Asexual is an advantage when the environment is stable. Sexual is an advantage when the environment is changing.
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• Mitosis is asexual because the daughter cells are
  identical to the parent cell.

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• Meiosis is sexual because the daughter cells are
  different from the parent cells.

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Body cell or sex cells? of divisions? of stages (total)? of cells produced? of chromosomes in cells produced?
Mitosis Body cells 1 4 (PMAT) 2 Same number (cells are diploid)
Meiosis Sex cells 2 8 (PMAT, PMAT) 4 Half (cells are haploid)
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• A gamete a sex cell (sperm or egg)
• Gametes are haploid.
• Sperm are produced via spermatogenesis.
• Eggs are produced via oogenesis.

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• Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between
  homologous chromosomes.
• It occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis.
• You have a picture of crossing over on your study
  guide.

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• DNA is in the nucleus in eukaryotes (in the
  cytoplasm in prokaryotes).
• RNA can be in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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• 3 parts of a nucleotide Phosphate, sugar and a
  nitrogen base.
• The drawing is already labeled.

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• DNA nitrogen bases
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

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• Chargaffs rule
• A with T and
• C with G

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• Given ATGCCGT
• Asked TACGGCA

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• DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder.)

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• Watson and Crick

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• During DNA replication, a copy of the DNA is
  made.
• Each new copy is made of one original strand and
  one new strand.
• This is called semi-conservative replication.

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• 1.) The DNA separates (due to enzymes)
• 2.) The two strands are copied.

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• SKIP this question

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• Adenine -- Uracil
• Guanine -- Cytosine

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• ATGGTCA DNA strand - given
• UACCAGU complementary mRNA strand

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• Messenger RNA C
• Transfer RNA A
• Ribosomal RNA B

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• During transcription, mRNA is made from a section
  of DNA.
• It happens in the nucleus
• WHY???

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• During translation, a protein is made by the
  ribosome.
• The ribosome reads the mRNA message and makes the
  protein.
• This happens at a ribosome (either in the
  cytoplasm or attached to the E.R.).

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• codon

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• 20 different amino acids are possible

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• Proteins
• Build muscles and bones
• Provide ways for cells to communicate with other
  cells.
• Serve as enzymes
• Function as antibodies
• Serve as channels for substances to enter the
  cell
• Facilitated diffusion (a type of passive
  transport)
• Serve as pumps to move things in and out of the
  cell (Active transport)

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• Missense one codon is changed, resulting in
  a different amino acid being produced.
  (GUA ? GGA)
• Nonsense a change in a codon causes a stop
  codon to be produced. (CGA ? UGA)
• Insertion an extra base is added to the DNA
  sequence.
• Deletion a base is deleted from the DNA
  sequence.
• Duplication an copy of a sequence of DNA is
  added to the same DNA strand.

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• Point mutations only affect one codon.
• Frameshift mutation affect all codons in the DNA
  strand after the mutation.
• Remember THE FAT CAT WAS MAD.

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• Mendel was the first person to scientifically
  study inheritance.
• He is considered the Father of Genetics.

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• He studied pea plants.
• Why
• 1.) They reproduce sexually by self-pollination.
• This allowed Mendel to control what traits he was
  testing for.
• 2.) They were easy to grow, easy to maintain and
  were easy to obtain.

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• Homozygous

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• Heterozygous

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• Dominant

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• Recessive

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• The genetic make up of an organism
• You cannot see this, but you can infer it.

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• The physical trait coded for by the alleles.
• You can see this.

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• Your Parents P generation
• You F1 generation
• Your kids F2 generation

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• B black b brown
• a.) BB homozygous black
• b.) bb homozygous brown
• c.) Bb heterozygous black