Fossil Fuels

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Fossil Fuels

• Geoffrey Thyne
• Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute
• University of Wyoming

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Energy Sources

• Fossil fuels
• Nuclear
• Solar
• Wind
• Efficiency

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World Energy Demand
In 1999, with less than 5 of the world's
population, the US generated 30 of the world's
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), consumed 25 of
the world's energy, and emitted 25 of the
world's carbon dioxide."
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From John Lavelle GE Gasification
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From John Lavelle GE Gasification
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Energy Density
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Energy Payback
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Modern Civilization
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US Energy Sources and Sinks

• http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.p
  df

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Demand for Energy Will Continue to RiseOil and
gas provide about two-thirds of energy consumed
Gas 24
Quadrillion Btu
Oil 40
Year
DOE EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2004, Figure 2
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Fossil Fuels

• Oil liquid hydrocarbon phase formed during
  burial between 70 and 120C from kerogen.
• Natural Gas hydrocarbons that are gaseous at
  earth surface conditions (C1-C4) and formed by
  thermal degradation of kerogen or oil, or by
  microbial action near surface.
• Coal Solid phase hydrocarbon formed from
  organic matter deposited in fresh water shallow
  environments (swamps).

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For electricity, America can become
self-sufficient since 76 is generated
domestically from US-based coal (50), nuclear
(19) and hydro-power (7).
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Fossil Fuel Formation

• Formed from organic matter
• Phytoplankton
• Zooplankton
• Bacteria
• Land plants
• The major components of this material includes
  proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and lignins
  (resins, waxes, spores, pollen, cell walls, etc.)

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Petroleum Formation Oil and Gas

• Sufficient source requires high productivity zone
• Concentration by depositional environment
• Preservation by burial rate and oxygen content
• Kerogen functional definition for organic
  matter that has survived shallow burial
• The carbohydrate-lipid portion of organic matter
  that is resistant to decay/oxidation
• These resistant portions form organic condensate
  called kerogen
• Burial and heating of kerogen produces oil and gas

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Liquid Fuels

• Most natural gas is used in home heating,
  electrical generation and petrochemical
  synthesis.
• Almost all liquid petroleum (oil) is refined
  producing liquid and solid products.
• Almost all liquids are used for transportation
  (gasoline and diesel).

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Conventional Oil and Gas
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World Oil Production
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But - transportation (auto, truck, aircraft,
military), plastics and food energy demands are
nearly 100 dependent on oil
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World Energy Reserves/Production
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Enhanced Oil Recovery

• Process that produces additional Oil from
  existing fields
• All oil fields eventually stop producing oil
• At that point between 40 to 60 of the original
  oil remains
• Injection of CO2, or surfactants (soap) remove
  additional amounts

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Resource Triangle
Conventional Reservoirs Small volumes that
are easy to develop
Unconventional Large volumes difficult to develop
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Production of Coal Bed Gas

• Groundwater is removed from shallow coal beds to
  release natural gas (methane).
• Production of water is much higher (10-100X) than
  traditional gas wells
• (400 bbl. water 100 MCF)
• Capacity of traditional water disposal method
  (re-injection) is limited

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Shale Gas
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Coal

• 6.2 billion tons annually (global)
• 75 is burned to produce electricity
• Distribution is fairly uniform on global scale

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Coal

• Formed when organic-rich sediments were buried to
  form peat
• Further burial creates more carbonrich forms
• Lignite or brown coal, fuel only
• Sub-bituminous, fuel
• Bituminous, dense, black, fuel and coke
• Anthracite, glossy black, heating

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Coal

• Complex system of with organic matter, C,H and O
  (85-95 by weight) called mascerals, inorganic
  material (aluminosilicates and pyrites 5-15)
  and pores (provide very high surface area).
• H/C ratio of about 0.9 (half of petroleum),
  considered hydrogen deficient, contains S, N and
  metals.
• High oxygen content, about 20, 10X that of
  petroleum.

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Used when coal is lt 200 feet depth
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Using Coal Coal
Carbon Based Products
Electrical Generation
Standard Pulverized Coal Plant
Coal Gasification
IGCC Coal Plant
Ammonia Fertilizer
Natural Gas
Liquids
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Coal

• Emissions of toxic products
• Nitrogen produces nitric acid (HNO3), NOX
• Sulfur produces SO2, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), SOX
• Major metal is mercury (Hg)
• Produces Flyash as by-product of combustion

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Using Coal

• Large domestic resource
• Infrastructure in place
• Carbon tax will increase electricity costs
• Will need clean coal capture and dispose of
  C, N, S and Hg (Future Gen)

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Questions?