Advanced Topics in

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• Advanced Topics in
• Agricultural Engineering

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  our
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• Nano Technology
• Modelling
• Variable rate Technology

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• FEM ????? ?????
• DEM ????? ??? ?????

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• ????? ??????? ?? ???????? RFID ?? ????? ??????
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• ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????
• Bachelor of Science (BSc) ???? ???
• Master of Science (MSc) ??????
• Doctor of Philosophy ??????? ?????
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• ?????? ?? ??? ????? Endnote
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• ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????
  ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 30 ????? ? ?????
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7
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8
What is Research?

• research is an unusually stubborn and persisting
  effort to think straight which involves the
  gathering and the intelligent use of relevant
  data

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Origin of the Word Research

• From the French word "recherche" which means to
  travel through or survey

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???? ??? ????? ????? ?

• Research is all about addressing an issue or
  asking and answering a question or solving a
  problem, so
• ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????
  ????
• Identify an issue, question, or problem.
• ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???
  ???
• Find out what's already known about it. ?????
  ?????
• Talk with people who want or need your study.
  ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????
• Talk with experts and/or read their reviews and
  the original research on the topic. ??????
  ?????? ??????
• Plan, cost, and do your study accordingly.
• ?? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????
  ????
• Write it up and submit it for assessment. ?????
  ??? ???
• Better still, do a good job on it and submit it
  for publication.
• ????? ???
• Your work will benefit more people if you publish
  it.
• ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????
  ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???
• Rule No. 1 in academia is publish or perish.
• ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???

11
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• ??????? ??? ?? ( (Algorithm?????? ???? ?????
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• ???? ???? ?? ?????? (????? ?????? ????)
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• ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?
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• ????? ?????? ????? ??? (??? ?? ??? ??????? ??
  ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????)

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????? ????? ?? ????? ??Dissecting the Dimensions
of Research

• topic, ?????
• scope, ???
• methods, ?????
• Utilities (Equipments) ???????

13
?????

• What are you researching?
• ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????
• Finding a good question/problem to address can be
  hard.
• It helps to have a good supervisor, good
  colleagues, and/or knowledge or practical
  experience .
• You must read journals to find out what's already
  known.

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??????? ??? ? ???? quantitative or qualitative?

• With quantitative methods
• You gather data with an instrument, such as a
  stopwatch, a video analysis package, or a
  structured questionnaire.
• You derive measures or variables from the data,
  then investigate relationships among the
  variables.
• Error of measurement is an important issue.
• Almost all measures have noise or other errors.
• Errors affect the relationship between measures.
  
• You attend to errors via validity (the
  relationship between observed and true values of
  a measure) and reliability (reproducibility of
  observed values).
• A pilot study to investigate error can be
  valuable.

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• With qualitative methods
• You gather information or themes from texts,
  conversations or loosely structured interviews,
  then tell a coherent story.
• Software can help.

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??????? ??????? ? ???? pure or applied?

• In pure, basic, theoretical or academic projects,
  the aim is to understand the mechanism of a
  phenomenon.
• Applied or practical projects are all about the
  development of a method.
• Try to include a mechanisms aspect in an applied
  project.
• It will help you publish the work in a
  high-impact journal, because editors and expert
  reviewers of such journals tend to be snooty
  about pure research.
• Understanding a phenomenon may give you ideas for
  more projects.

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??????!?

• ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????
  ????? ???? ???? ????
• ???? ? ???? (Journal)
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
• Science Direct, Agricola, Rose net, BIDS,
  Daneshyar, IRANdoc.
• ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
• ????? ?????.... ?? ???? Advanced search
• ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?? ???????

18
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• ???? ??? ??? ?? .......
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  ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????

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Get connected??????? ??????

• Dont wait till cool idea in a journal!
• ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
• Electronic mailing lists, News groups
• ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???
  ??? ?????
• Get refs from people who say Have you read
• ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????
• Email links to people who might be interested.
• ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???
• Distribute drafts
• ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? (????? ????? ??????)
• Send copies of your pubs to people.
• ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????
• Bridge gaps
• ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????
• Interact with outsiders
• ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????
• Whats the point of conferences?
• ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????

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??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???
??? ?????? ???? Learn Related Fields

• Why? Increasingly good research requires
  knowledge of related fields.
• ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????
  ??? ????? ???
• Foreign Language, Internet , software
• Other fields provide perspective on your own
  field.
• ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????
  ?? ???? ?? ????
• How many?
• ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ????
• How to do this?
• Textbooks?
• Journal Follow references ?????? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ?????? ???? ????
• Read stuff by famous people ?????? ????? ?????
  ?? ???????
• Go to talks ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??
  ????? ????

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??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? Have fun even if
you fail sometimes

• It is easy to stuck on research
• ????? ????? ?????? ?????
• Both triumphs and tragedies are a part of the
  process
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???
• Risk taking
• ???? ???? ?????
• Do successful people fail?
• ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
• What can you do with a failures?
• ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???
  ????? ?????
• Research takes more time than you thought.
• ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????
  ??? ???
• Make research a part of your everyday life.
• ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????
• Rate of progress varies radically.
• ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????
• Set goals. Tell someone!
• ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????

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??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????What do you do if
youre stuck?

• Setting your sights too high work on a
  sub-problem first.
• ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????
• Seriously stuck Work one hour a day.
• ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? 1 ??? 2 ???? ?????
  ??? ?????
• Leave a fun task for the next day ??? ??? ?? ??
  ???? ???? ??? ?????
• Fear of failure ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????
• Aids to the insecurity slump recognition,
  feedback from smart people ??? ???? ?? ???? ??
  ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
• Progress Your ideas arent obvious. Write it
  up!
• ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????
• Research can be funthats why we tolerate the
  pain.
• ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ?? ??? ?? ???
• Looking back at what youve done (a) Its
  worthless (b) Hey, its clever! ????? ?? ???
  ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????

23
???? ???

• Sometimes you do something that feels like a
  waste of time without realizing it might lead to
  something important later!
• ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???
• Dont shy away from topics that look like they
  might have been solved by someone else
• ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
• A closer look often indicates that the problem is
  actually different
• ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
  ??? ????? ???? ????
• Often times you find the previous work didnt
  really solve the problem youre interested in
  after all
• You can sometimes borrow a component of the
  solution from someone else to speed up
  development of your own work

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?????? ?????Publishing our work

• ???????
• ???? ???? ?????
• ????? ????? Abstract (????? ?????)
• ????? ????? ????? Extended Abstract (?????)
• ????? ????? ???? Full paper (?????? (Proceedings
• ????? ?? ???? ????? Oral
• ????? ?? ???? ?????
• ???? ???? Journal
• ???? (Institute for Scientific Information ) ISI
• Impact factor