Ch. 13

1
Ch. 13

• Frontiers in Genetics

2
Biotech./DNA Tech.

• The field of science where the genome of an
  organism is researched/altered/used for a benefit
  (to us)
• Food,feed,drugs,diagnostic kits, gene therapy,
  etc

3
Bacteria - Plasmids

• Bacteria have little sections of DNA Plasmids
• Plasmids may be exchanged from one bacteria to
  another Antibiotic Resistance
• We use this to our benefit
• Insert the gene we want into a plasmid
• Insert it into the bacteria
• It clones and passes the plasmid
• It also passes the plasmid to other bacteria

4
Cut and Paste

• Restriction Enzymes Cut
• DNA Ligase Paste
• By using specific restriction enzymes we are able
  to cut where we want.
• DNA ligase will paste the section of DNA into the
  desired spot (so long as the bases match up)

5
Bacterial Clones

• Since bacteria are good at making clones of
  themselves, we can build libraries of the clones.
• Some of the books have info we dont want in
  the plasmid.

6
So now you have all of these different clones

• Now what do you do?
• Radioactive markers.
• You need to know at least some of the code for
  the gene you want.
• Insert a complimentary strand of DNA
  (radioactive) so it can find the strand you want.
• Now the bacteria with those genes are identified.

7
How can we use this?

• Take a couple of minutes and discuss how can we
  use this technology.
• List some possibilities
• List some problems
• We will discuss it in 10 minutes.

8
Ch. 13 Cont.

• Genetically modified organism (GMO)- A organism
  that has had its genotype altered artificially
  (in at least one way).

9
Genetically Modified OrganismsGMOs

• So, What is easier to modify, a plant or animal?
• Using Recombinant DNA for plants.
• They must create a Genomic Library and then
  identify the desired outcome.
• This is NOT always a quick process!!!!!
• Animals you have to test-tube fertilize.
• So what types of things can you modify plants for?

10

• Pest Resistance - Bacillus thuringiensis
• Herbicide Resistance Moncanto and Soy Beans
• Cold Resistance Fish to Tomato
• Disease Resistance
• Nutrition
• Pharmaceuticals

11
(No Transcript)
12
Any Negatives?

• Unintended Harm to other organisms
• Reduced effectiveness to of pesticides
• Unintended transfer of genes to non targeted
  species.
• SUPERWEEDS
• What else?

13
(No Transcript)
14
Transgenic

• If the GMO received the new material (gene) from
  a different species.
• Mice Cow Annie

15
Gene Mass Production

• PCR (polymerase chain reaction The mass
  production of DNA
• Can be done in a test tube!
• Can be engineered to copy specific genes
• Works very fast (billions in hours)
• Rare DNA ban be copied

16
Electrophoresis DNA by length

• Use restriction enzymes to chop up some DNA (code
  specific)
• The pieces of DNA are then separated by length.