HISTORY OF PHARMACY

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HISTORY OF PHARMACY

• By
• Tahseen ismail

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PHARMACY

• Pharmacy is the art of preparing designing
  medications and the provision of drug related
  information to the public.
• American Pharmaceutical Association describe the
  mission of pharmacy as serving society as the
  profession responsible for the appropriate use of
  medications, devices services to achieve
  optimal therapeutic outcomes.

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• According to report of commission of Pharmacy
• Pharmacy should be conceived basically as a
  knowledge system that renders a health services
  by concerning itself with understanding drugs and
  their effect.

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History

• Why to study History of pharmacy?
• Study of History tells
• How the concept of drug evolved over time
  how a separate profession arose to prepare drug
  into medicines in the West or entire world.

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• Throughout history drugs have directly influence
  the lives of millions e.g
• Drugs like Insulin, antibiotics
  chemotherapeutic agents have saved thousands of
  lives.

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Prehistoric Pharmacy

• Pre-historic people gathered plants for medicinal
  purpose.
• Tribal healers or Shamans had recognition of
  mastered by all who practised the domestic
  medicine of household.
• Early people explained illness in super natural
  terms (like other changes disasters around
  them).

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• Shaman had duty of magical potions for curing
  by which they diagnosed treated service illness
  he/she compounded remedies needed to stave off
  the influence of evil spells or spirits.
• Thus drugs were derived as both simple tools
  special substances with supernatural power.

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• Even early people discovered only a small amount/
  number of effective drugs, but the concept of
  influencing bodily functions via an outside force
  must be considered as humanity greatest advances.

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EGYPTIAN ERA

• When organized settlements arose in great fertile
  valleys of Nile, Tigris Euphrates Indies
  River changes occurred that gradually influenced
  the concept of disease healing.
• Egyptian medicinal texts show close connection
  between supernatural empirical healing.

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• They we plant drugs having main vehicles of
  healing powers like laxatives enemas were
  prominent.
• They specialized in preparation sale of drugs.
• Eber-papyrus begins rational use of drugs by
  developing clay tablets papyri.

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BABY LONIAN ERA

• Provide medical care by 2 classes
• 1.Aspus (Magical healers)
• 2.Asu (Empirical healers)
• Asipu Related on spells use magical stones.
• Asu Used medicinal plants manipulated them
  into several dosage forms like suppositories,
  pills, washes, enemas ointment.

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GREEK-ROMAN ERA

• Gave mixed concept of drugs or pharmakon, a
  word that meant magic spell, remedy or poison.
• homer (800 BC) refers to medical wisdom of
  Egypt homer described physicians by the
  demiourgos which advanced to diagnosed natural
  cause of illness.

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• Different pharmacist Thales (590 BC),
  Anaximander (550 BC) Pharmenides (470 BC),
  Empedocles (450 BC) Hippocratic writers develop
  rational explanations of illness.
• Materia medica by Dioscorides, the standard
  of drug.

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THE RENIASSANCE

• Beginning of Modern Era after dark age(400
  AD-1453 AD).
• In 1453 AD Constantinople (Istanbul), fell to the
  Turks remnant of Greek scholarly society fled
  to the west carrying their books knowledge with
  them.

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• New concepts of diseases drugs arose.
• Valerians Cordus work on formula book having name
  as Dispensatorium becomes standard book for
  preparation of medicine.

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• Paracelsus chemically prepared the drugs from
  crude plants minerals.
• 1604 Louis Heberg 1st pharmacist in north
  America.
• W- harvey in 1628 circulation of blood.
• Leeuwan hoel in 1680 discovered yeast.

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• In 1703, English Apothecaries authorized to
  prescribe as well as to dispense.
• 1736 1st law related to pharmacy develop in
  Virginia (America).

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MODERN PHAMACY

• Modern Era started after industrial Revolution in
  1750.
• 1st hospital Pharmacy in 1752 in Pennsylvania
  (America).
• In 1756, John Morgan supported prescription
  writing in USA.
• Collage de-Pharmacia in parts in 1777 (1st
  collage of pharmacy).

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• Edward Jenner vaccination work in 1798.
• 1848 1st American code of Pharmaceutical Ethics.
• 1848 1st drug import Law by Congress.
• 1868 Modern education on Pharmacy in Michigan
  University.

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• 1888 1st National formulary by American
  Pharmaceutical Association.
• 1893 Aspirin by A-Eichergrum felix Hoffman.
• 19511st national Pharmacopoeia by WHO.
• 1906 FDA act of USA.

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ISLAMIC ERA

• The crescent of Islam rose from the horizons to
  enlighten the faculties of Basic laws of
  nature.
• Arabs rejected old concepts and ideas because of
  new drugs species as they conquer new areas.
• More elegent palatable dosage forms e.g pills
  syrups.

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• 1) JABIR BIN HAYAN (721-815 AD)
• GEBER in the west.
• Prepared Nitric acid, Sulphuric Acid,
  Hydrochloric Acid.
• God Father of modern chemistry.
• Chemical technique Sublimation distillation,
  melting crystallization.
• Composition of Alchemy.

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• 2) ABU ISHAQ KINDI
• 20 books.
• Posology (study of dose of drug).
• De Medicinarum Compsitarum.

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• 3) ZAKARIYA ALRAZI (865-925AD)
• RHAZES in the west.
• Father of pediatrics.
• Arbian Medicine.

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• 4)ABU ALI SINA (980 AD)
• Avicenna in the west.
• Al Qannun fil tib.
• 230 books
• First to use catheters made of the skins of
  various animals.
• Intravesical injections by means of silvers
  syringe.

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• 5) IBN AL-HAITAM (975-1039AD)
• Al-Hazan in the west.
• Great optician.
• Discovered magnifying lenses.
• Function of retina.
• Kitab Al-manazir,mizan-ul-hikma

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• 6)IBN AL-BAITAR
• Collect different plants from Paris to Syria.
• Discovered new plants and extracted medical
  drugs.
• Jami (book name).

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• 7)ABUL QASIM ZAHRA(936-1013AD)
• Mamoon in the west.
• Invented surgical instruments(200).
• Placed artificial tooth instead of diseased.
• AL-Tasrif (medical encyclopaedia).