History and Trends of health care

1

• History and Trends of health care
• Unit B
• Evaluate historical contributions in the
  development of health care.

2

• HT02.01 Discuss medical treatments and beliefs
  from ancient civilizations through the
  renaissance.

3
PRIMITIVE TIMES
Thought illness and disease a punishment from the
GodsWitch doctors used herbs and plants as
medicines (Drive out evil spirits) Trepanation
is a form of surgery in which a hole is drilled
or scraped into the skull treatment for mental
illness.
4
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
Physicians were priestsTreated illness with
bloodletting and leeches
5
ANCIENT CHINESE
Used acupunctureBelieved to cure the body you
must nourish the spirit
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ANCIENT GREEKS
First to observe the human body and the effects
of diseaseMassage Art therapiesBelieved
disease the result of natural causes
7
ANCIENT ROMANS
Established the first hospitals by caring for
soldiers in their homes.Built sewers and
aqueducts to create the first public health and
sanitation systems.
8
DARK AGES
The fall of Roman Empire marked beginning of the
Dark Ages Emphasis on saving the soul the
study of medicine was prohibitedMonks and
priests treated patients with prayer
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MIDDLE AGES
Renewed interest in the medical practices of the
Greeks and RomansBubonic plague killed 75 of
the people in Europe
10
RENAISSANCE
Dissection of the body led to understanding of
anatomy and physiologyRenewed interest in
science Invention of printing press allowed
medical knowledge to be shared more easily.
11

• HT02.02 Describe medical
• advances made in
• 16th 20th century health care.

12
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

• Leading cause of death was infection.
• Cause of disease still not known many people
  died from infections
• Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to
  see disease-causing organisms.
• Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies.
• First vaccination developed - smallpox

13
APOTHECARY

• Another name used in the 17th century meaning
  medicine, pharmacist or pharmacy.

14
19th Century

• Formal training for nurses began.
• Infection control developed once microorganisms
  were associated with disease
• Viruses discovered in 1892.
• Women become active participates in health care

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Infection Control

• Infection control was a major 19th century
  development when physicians understood
  microorganisms caused disease.

16
20th Century

• Increased knowledge about the role of blood in
  the body.
• ABO blood groups discovered.
• Found out how white blood cells protect against
  disease.
• New medications were developed.
• Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
• Antibiotics developed to fight infections
• Vaccines were developed.

17
20th Century

• New machines developed.
• Kidney Dialysis Machine
• Heart Lung Machine
• Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to
  cure once fatal conditions.
• Organ Transplants
• Test tube babies
• Implanted first artificial heart

18
20th Century

• Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost
  of care
• Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the
  federal government into the health care arena
• HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance
• Hospice organized

19

• HT02.03 Research men/women who made historical
  contributions to health care.

20
Hippocrates (c. 460-377 BC)

• Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine
• Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the
  Hippocratic Oath that is the basis of medical
  practice today.
• Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits
  and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air,
  cleanliness, and exercise.

21
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Invented the microscope lens that allowed
  visualization of organisms.
• Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that
  causes tooth decay.

22
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

• Invented Bifocals
• Found that colds could be passed from person to
  person

23
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)Developed a
vaccination for smallpox in 1796
24
Rene Laennec (1781-1826)

• Invented the stethoscope in 1819.
• First stethoscope was made of wood.

25
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

• First female physician in the United States in
  1849

26
Clara Barton (1821-1912)

• Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the
  civil War.
• After Civil War, established a bureau of records
  to search for missing men.
• Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of
  Geneva, which provided relief for sick and
  wounded soldiers.
• Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as
  its first president.

27
Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)

• Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of
  the mind.
• His studies were the basis for psychology and
  psychiatry.

28
Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• Developed the culture plate method to
• identify pathogens.
• Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

29
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

• Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895.
  Doctors can now see inside the body.
• X-rayed wifes hand

30
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

• Discovered Penicillin in 1928 which is considered
  one of the most important discoveries of the
  twentieth century.

31
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

• Known as the Founder of Modern Nursing.
• Established efficient and sanitary nursing units
  during the Crimean War in 1854.
• Invented the call bell system and use of
  dumbwaiters to deliver meals.
• Began the professional education of nurses.

32
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Known as the Father of Microbiology.
• His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause
  disease.
• Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs
  through a process called pasteurization.
• Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885
• Founded the basic rules for sterilization

33
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs.
• First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery.

34
Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabine
(1906-1993)
Albert Sabine

• Discovered polio vaccine
• Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed
  thousands of adults and children each year.

Jonas Salk
35
Francis Crick and James Watson

• Described the structure of DNA and how it carries
  genetic information in 1953.
• Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules
  of DNA.
• Shared the Nobel Prize in 1962.

36
Medicare/Medicaid

• A plan passed by government in 20th century to
  assure that everyone has access to quality health
  care.
• Plan is 80/20 payment .

37
Christian Barnard

• Performed first successful heart transplant in
  1968.

38
Ben Carson

• Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese
  twins.
• Work Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John
  Hopkins.
• He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the
  brain to stop seizures

39

• HT02.4 Explore current trends in health care.

40

Reasons for high health care costs

• Technological advancesAging populationHealth-rel
  ated lawsuits

41
OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation

• Act of 1987. The Federal Nursing Home Reform Act
  or OBRA 87 creates a set of national minimum set
  of standards of care and Residents Bill of
  Rights.
• This provides people living in long term care
  facilities with the right to freedom from abuse
  and chemical or physical restraints.
• Makes sure employees are current with
  certification to practice nursing in that agency.

42
Wellness

• Physical wellness
• Emotional wellness
• Social wellness
• Mental and intellectual wellness
• Spiritual Wellness
• Holistic Health

43
TelemedicinePerforming surgery or medical care
over a distance.
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Alternative Complementary Methods of Health
Care

• Ayurvedic practitioners
• Chinese medicine practitioners
• Chiropractors
• Homeopaths
• Hypnotists
• Naturopaths

45
Ayurvedic Practitioners

• It is an ancient philosophy developed in India to
  determine a persons predominant (body type) and
  prescribe diet, herbal treatments, exercise,
  yoga, massage, minerals and living practices to
  restore and maintain harmony in the body.

46
Alternative Practitioners

• Chinese based on the belief that all life energy
  flows (Chi) through every living person in an
  invisible system of pathways, to link the organs
  together connect them to the external universe.

47
Cost Containment

• Used to keep healthcare cost down
• Diagnostic related groups (DRG)
• Combination of services
• Outpatient services
• Mass or bulk purchasing
• Early intervention and preventive services
• Cap on malpractice