??????????????????????????????????????? (Overview of Operating Systems)

1
???????????????????????????????????????(Overview
of Operating Systems)
2
??????????????????

• ??????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  (Program) ????????????????????????
  ???????????????? (Process) ???????????????????????
  ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

3
1.1 ????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????? 7 ??????
  ??????
• ??????????????????? (Supercomputer)
• ??????? (Mainframe)
• ??????????????? (Minicomputer)
• ???????????????? (Microcomputer)??????????????????
  ????????????? (Personal Computer PC)
• ???????????????????????? ???? ???? ???????
  (Notebook Computer)
• ?????? (PDA-Personal Digital Assistant)
• ???????????????????? (Network computers/NC)

4
1. ??????????????????? (Supercomputer)

• ???????????????????????? ????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? ????
  ?????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????
  ????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ???????????????????????? (Multiprocessing)
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ??????
• ????????????????????????????????????????? (Nano
  Second) ????????????????????????? ???????????
  ????????????????????????????????????

5
RICHLAND, Wash. The Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory's supercomputer has been ranked No. 5
on the top 500 list of the fastest computers in
the world that was released yesterday. The HP
system installed at PNNL was designed
specifically for complex computational
environmental and biological sciences. The
latest list represents the first time the 11.8
teraflop supercomputer was ranked based on its
full power. The machine consists of nearly 2,000
1.5GHz Intel Itanium-2 processors. The Top 500
list ranks computers based on their performance
running a benchmark called Linpack, which is a
method to measure a machine's ability to solve a
set of dense linear equations. www.pnl.gov/news/2
003/03-44.ht Reviewed November 2003
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2. ??????? (Mainframe)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????
  ???????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (Terminal) ???????????
• Terminal ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????

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Mainframe
Terminal
8
3. ??????????????? (Minicomputer)

• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (Terminal) ???
• ?????????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???

????????????? Mainframe ??? Minicomputer
Mainframe Computer ?????????????????? terminal
?????????? 10,000 ???????
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(No Transcript)
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4. ???????????????? (Microcomputer)

• ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????
  ?????????? ?????????????????????????????

5. ?????????????????????????(Notebook computer)

• ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? PC

11
6. ?????? (PDA-Personal Digital Assistant)

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????? Stylus ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? (Hand writing
  recognition)
• ?????????????????? 2 ??? ??? Palm ??? Pocket PC

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7. ???????????????????? (Network computers/NC)

• ???????????????(??????????????????????????????????
  ????) ????????????????????????? PC
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????????????? (LAN) ????????????????????
  (Internet)
• ???????????????????????????

13
1.2 ????????????????????????????

1. ?????????(Hardware)
2. ????????? (Software)
3. ??????? (Peopleware)
4. ?????? (Data)
5. ?????????????? (Procedure)

HARDWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
PACKAGE AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE
USER 1
USER 2
USER 3
USER 4

USER n
14
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
INPUT
STORAGE
15
????????? (Software)

• ??????????????????????? 2 ???? ???
• ????????????? (System Software) ????????
• ?????????????? (Operating System)
• ????????????????????? (Translator)
• ??????????????????? (Utility Program)
• ????????????????? (Application Software)????????
• ??????????????????????????? (Special Purpose
  Software)
• ???????????????????????? (General Purpose
  Software) / ?????????????????? (Package Software)

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??????? (Peopleware)

• ???????????????????????????????????????????? 6
  ???? ??????
• ????????????????????????? (System Analysis and
  Design)
• ???????????? (Programmer)
• ?????????????????? (Database Administrator DBA)
• ????????????? (Operator)
• ?????? (User)
• ????????? (Manager)

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?????? (Data)
Bit
Byte
Data Item
Field
Record
File
Data Base
?????????????? (Procedure)
?????????????? (Procedure) ?????????????????????
??????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????
(User Manual) ??? ????????????????? (Operation
Manual)
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1.3 ??????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ???????? ??????????? (Machine Language)
• 111001 ?????????
• 100100 ????????????????????????????

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• ??????????????????? Assembly ?????????????????????
  ??????
• Assembly L. Machine L. ????????
• ADD 111001 ??????
• MOVE 010110 ???????
• ?????????????????????????????? (High Level
  Language) ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

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?????????????????????
????????????????
??????????????????
Programmer 1
??????????????
Programmer 2
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?????????????????????????
????????????????
??????????????????
Programmer 1
OS
??????????????
Programmer 2
22
??????????????????????

• ?????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????

1.4 ????????????????????????

1. ?????????????????? (User Interface)
2. ????????????????? (Control Devices)
3. ????????????????????????????? (Resources
   Management)

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1. User Interface

• ?????????????????????????????????????
• Keyboard ??? Prompt ????????????????? DOS
• Mouse ???????????? ????????????????? Windows
• ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  System Call ?????????????????????????????

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2. ????????????????? (Control Devices)

• ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????????? ???????????
• ?????????????????????????????????/????????????????
  ???????????????????? ????????????????????????
  System Call

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3. ?????????????? ???? ??????????? (Resource
Management)

• Resource ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ???????? Resource ???? CPU, Memory, Disk, I/O
  Device
• ???????????????????????????????? ???
• ????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????

26
1.5 ???????????????????????????

• ?????????????????
• ?????? (?.?.1945-1955) ????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????? 2 (?.?.1955-1964) ????????????
• ????????????????? Batch Processing
• ?????? 3 (?.?.1965-1980) Integrated Circuit/IC
• ????????????????? Virtual Storage Single Mode
• ?????????????? UNIX
• ?????? 4 (?.?.1980-????????) VLSI
• ????????????????? Multi-mode ????????????
  Virtual Machine
• ????????????????????????????????????? ???????
  UNIX LINUX DOS Windows 3.X Windows 95 Windows 98
  Windows ME Windows NT Windows 2000 Windows XP

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1.6 ???????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? (Non Operating System)
• ??????????????? (Batch System)
• ?????????????????? (Buffer System)
• ?????????????????? (Spooling System)
• ???????????????????? (Multiprogramming)
• ???????????? (Time-Sharing System)
• ????????????? (Real-Time System)
• ???????????????????????? (Personal Computer
  System)
• ????????????????? (Virtual Machine)
• ???????????????????? (Multiprocessor System)
• ????????????? (Distributed System)
• ????????????????? (Real-Time Systems)

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1. ??????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? ????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????

2. ??????????????? (Batch System)

• ????? device ???????????? (???????????, ???) ???
  device ??????????? (????????????,???,???????????)
  
• ?????????????????? ??????? (????????????? JCL)
  ?????????????? ? ????????? Operator ??????????
• Operator ????????????????????????????? (Batch)

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• ??????????????
• ?????????????????????-????????? (I/O Device
  ?????????) ??? CPU (??????????????)
  ????????????? CPU ?????????????
  ??????????-????????? ????? CPU????????????????-???
  ??????????????????????? ???????????????? CPU
  ?????????

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3. ?????????????????? (Buffer System)

• ?????????????-??????????????????? ??????????????
  CPU
• ???????
• ?????? CPU ?????????????? ??????? Load
  ????????????????????????? (buffer) ????
  ???????????????????? CPU ?? Load
  ???????????????????????????????

31

• ???????????????????????????????? Load
  ??????????????????? ???????? CPU
  ??????????????????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????-????????? (I/O Device
  ?????????) ??? CPU (??????????????)
  ?????????????? ????????? ? CPU ?????????????
  ??????????-????????? ????? CPU????????????????-???
  ??????????????????????? ? ???????????????? CPU
  ??? ?????????????-????????????? ?????????????????
  CPU

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4. ?????????????????? (Spooling System)
4.1 ???????? Tape ???????? ??????????????????????
????? CPU ???????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ?????? Tape ???????? ??????? Load
  ???????????????????????????????????
• ??? access ???????? Tape ????????? Sequential
  ?????????

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4.2 ???????? Disk ??????????? Tape ???? Disk
??access ??????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????-?????????????????????/Multiprog
  ramming
• ?????????????????? 2 ????????????? ??? (Buffer
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????-??????????????? ???)
• ??? access ???????? Disk ????????? Direct
  ?????????????????????????????????????? (Priority)

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• ???????
• ???????? 2 ????????????? ??? ?????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????? ?????????????????
  First-Come, First-Serve

5. ???????????????????? (Multiprogramming System)

• ???????
• ??? Load Program ?????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ?????????????????????
• OS ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

??????????????
?????? 1
?????? 2
?????? 3

?????? n
0
512K
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• ???????(???)
• ?????????? OS ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????? CPU ??????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ?????? ?????????? CPU
  ???????????????????? ????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? deadlock
  ?????????????? ??????????????????????

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6. ???????????? (Time-Sharing System)

• ?????????????????????? (Time-Sharing)/Multitasking
  ???????
• ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????
• CPU ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????? ?????????????????? interactive
  ?????????????????????
• ???????????? CPU ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? Load ?????????????
• ?????? CPU ??????????????????? ?????? CPU
  ?????????? OS ???????? CPU ?????????????????

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??????????????
?????? 1
?????? 2

?????? n
?????? 3

• ???????????????????? disk ?????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????? ???????????? (Virtual Memory)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????

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7. ????????????? (Real-Time System)

• ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ????????????????????????????/?????????????????
  0
• ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????/??????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

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8. ???????????????????????? (Personal Computer
System)

• ???????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ??? keyboard, ?????? ???????????????????????
• ???????????????????????, ????? ???????????????????
  ???
• OS CP/M ? DOS ? Windows 3.x ? Windows 95 ?
  Windows 98 ? Windows ME ? Windows NT ? Windows
  2000 ? Windows XP

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9. ????????????????? (Virtual Machine)

• ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ex.???????????????????????????? terminal
  ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????? CPU ???????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? execute ????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????
• ????????? resource ??????? CPU

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(No Transcript)
42
10. ???????????????????? (Multiproceesor System)

• ???????
• ?????????????? CPU ??????? 1 ???
• ????????????????????? ?????? ????????????
  ??????????? ??? ???? device ???????
• ???????????????????????? Output ? ??? Output
  ???????? ?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ? ??????????????????????? disk
  ???????????????????????????????

43

• ???????(???)
• ??????????????????????????? (reliability) ?????
  processor ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? Graceful
  Degradation) ??????????????? Fault-Tolerant

??????????????????????????? 2 ??? ?
Symmetric-Multiprocessing ??????????????????????
??? ? Asymmetric-Multiprocessing
???????????????????????????? Master Processor
??????????????????????????? Processor ???????
(Slave Processor)
44
11. ????????????? (Distributed System)

• ???????
• ?????????????????????? ??????????? CPU 1 ???
  ????? device ???????????????? ?????????????
  ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????? Bus ???????????
  ??? UTP
• ??????????????????????????????????????

• ????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????

45
12. ????????????????? (Real-Time Systems)

• ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  ???????????????????
• Real- Time ?? 2 ???? ??????
• Hard real-time system (???????????????????????)
• ?????/?? Disk ???????? ???????????? ROM
• Short real-time system (??? Deadline)
• ????????????????????????????? Multimedia Virtual
  Reality ?????????????????????
• ???? Real-Time systems ?????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????