Mental Lexicon: Investigating Word Meaning with Language Data

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• Mental Lexicon Investigating Word Meaning with
  Language Data
• Victoria Muehleisen, Waseda University

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• ??????????????(???????)????????????????????

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• ????(corpus, pl. corpora ????????????????)??
  ????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????

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• ??????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????????????

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????

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The Brown Corpus

• ???????????????????
• 1961??Brown University???????
• ????????????????????????????????100????????

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????

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• ??????????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????????

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• 1960s????????????????1980s???????????????????????
  ???????????????????

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• ????????????????????????????????
• How do you say X in your native language?
• Is this sentence grammatical in your language?

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????

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• ?????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????(??)???????????
  ?????
• ????????????????????

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• ?) the verb bark
• The dog barked loudly
• ?????bark?????????????????????????????????????

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• The dog barked
• The dog barked at me
• ???????????
• The dog barked me awake
• ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????

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• ????????????????????????????????????

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• She'd been alerted by our dog Brian who had
  barked her awake under the firm impression that
  his master was having a nervous breakdown.

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????

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• ???run??????????
• ??run ????????????????????????????????

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• ?????????????????????????????????
• run to move very quickly, by moving your legs
  more quickly than when you walk
  (Longman Dictionary)

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• ?????run ?????????????????????
• The girl ran all the way to school.

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• ???????????????????????????run??????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

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• ????run ?British National Corpus (BNC)
  ???????(???)?????????????????????

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1. Log into Sketch Engine.
2. Choose the British National Corpus.
3. Click on Keywords.
4. In the box called Lemma, type in run and
   choose verb for PoS. (PoS Part of Speech).
5. Then click on Make Concordance.

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What runs? And what is run?

• By sampling and sorting the concordance lines, we
  can see some interesting patterns.
• Try taking a sample of 250 lines, and sort them
  to the left.
• Go to the next page, until you are past the
  punctuation.

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What runs or is run?

• people and animals
• BUT ALSO
• computer programs/applications
• businesses and services
• trains and buses
• emotions
• and many more..

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???

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• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????

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Word Sketch

• The Word Sketch summarizes information from a
  large corpus into a form that is easy to see and
  use.

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Try Sketch Engine yourself

• Is ?? a good translation for run?
• It depends on the context!
• Compare the Word Sketch for ?? to the Word Sketch
  for run?
• In which cases are they equivalent, and in which
  cases are they different?

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Thesaurus function

• The Thesaurus function shows words which have a
  similar Word Sketch to the search term.
• What other verbs are similar to run and to ???

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Sketch Difference

• You can use this to directly compare two words
  within the same corpus.
• What is the difference between run and walk?
• What is the difference between ?? and ???

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Practice with Sketch Difference

• Try your own words, in English or in Japanese
• ? heart
• ? home
• ??? ???
• Pretty beautiful

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Some other types of corpora and interfaces

• Brigham Young University (BYU) has an excellent
  web site with several different corpora.
• They are free to use, although after you use it a
  few times, youll be asked to register.
• You can find it at http//corpus.byu.edu/.

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TIME Magazine Corpus

• Contains all of the issues of the American
  magazine TIME from 1923 up through the present.
• You can use it to see changes in the use of words
  in American English over time.

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• Set sections to yes.
• Type in a word.
• Click on the numbers to see actual examples.

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What are the changes in frequency of these words?

• Which are becoming more frequent? Which less?
• environment, global, keen, cool, hip-hop,
  communist

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Tracking changes in ideas

• How have women typically been described in
  America?
• Type woman as the Word.
• Then click on Context. Set the context numbers
  as 1 and 0. (This means one word to the left, and
  no words to the right).
• For POS, pick adj.ALL.

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• For more detailed information, choose just two
  time periods.
• Compare the 1950s to the 2000s. What is different
  about how women are described?

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• Look at the verbs and other nouns that occur with
  woman. Do you find anything interesting? (You
  may want to change the context numbers in order
  to find something interesting.)

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Compare words

• You can also compare two words in the TIMES
  corpus.
• Compare woman and girl, or woman and man.