Aldehydes and Ketones

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Aldehydes and Ketones

• Chapter 14

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Structure

• Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group
  which consists of a carbon double-bonded to an
  oxygen.
• In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is at the end.
• In ketones, the carbonyl group is located within
  the chain.

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Properties

• Polar compounds
• Boiling points higher than ethers and
  hydrocarbons but less than alcohols
• Alkanes lt Ethers lt Aldehydes and Ketones lt
  Alcohols
• Aldehydes and ketones with less than five
  carbons are soluble in water.

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Properties Practice Problem 1

• Which member in each pair would have a higher
  boiling point?
• A.
• B.

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Properties Practice Problem 1 Answer

• Which member in each pair would have a higher
  boiling point?
• A.
• B.

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Properties Practice Problem 2

• Which member in each of the following pairs will
  be more water soluble?
• A.
• B.

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Properties Practice Problem 2

• Which member in each of the following pairs will
  be more water soluble?
• A.
• B.

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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

• Determine the parent chain which is the longest
  continuous chain containing the carbonyl group.
• Replace the final e with al.
• Number the chain beginning with the carbonyl
  carbon.
• Number and name all substituents as usual.

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NAMING ALDEHYDES THE IUPAC WAY

• See page 399 question 14.3
• CH3 O
• CH3CHCHCH2-C-H
• CH3
• O
• CH3CH-C-H
• Cl

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Naming Aldehydes the IUPAC way

• O
• CH3CH2CH2CH-C-H
• CH2CH3
• O
• CH3CHCH2-C-H
• OH

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Common Names for Aldehydes

• Formaldehyde AKA methanal
• Acetaldehyde AKA ethanal
• Others can be found in Table 14.1 on pg. 398

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IUPAC Nomenclature for Ketones

• Very similar to naming aldehydes
• The e ending is replaced with one.
• The location of the carbonyl carbon is indicated
  with a number.
• The longest chain is numbered to give the
  carbonyl carbon the lowest possible number.

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Naming Ketones the IUPAC way

• See page 401 question 14.5
• O O
• CH3CH-C-CH3 b) CH3CH-C-CH3
• I CH3
• O O
• c) CH3CH-C-CH2CH3 d) CH3CHCH2-C-CH3
• F CH2CH2CH2CH

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Common Nomenclature for Ketones

• Propanone is also known as acetone.
• Name the alkyl groups that are bonded to the
  carbonyl carbon.
• Use these as prefixes followed by the word
  ketone.
• Arrange the alkyl groups alphabetically.

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KETONES- COMMON NAMES

• O O
• CH3CH-C-CH3 b) CH3CH-C-CH3
• CH3
• O O
• c) CH3CH-C-CH2CH3 d) CHCH2-C-CH3
• CH2CH2CH2CH

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Homework

• Pg. 418
• 14.25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, 36