Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

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Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

• Chapter 13
• Problem Solving

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Types of Thinking

• Directed vs. undirected thinking
• Reproductive vs. productive thinking
• Well-defined vs. ill-defined problems
• -initial state, subgoals, and goal
• -operators problem space

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General Problem Solver

• Representing the problem properly is critical.
• -MC problem
• -monk problem
• Isomorphic problems
• -monster problem

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Problem Space Search

• Algorithm
• -trial and error
• -systematic search
• Heuristics
• -working backwards
• -analogies
• -means end analysis

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Domain-Specific Knowledge

• Knowledge is power
• -finding good representations
• -learning effective search
• -metacognitive monitoring

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Creativity

• Historical vs. process creativity
• -novel product
• -useful product
• -special talent
• Stages of creative process
• -preparation
• -incubation
• -illumination
• -verification

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Creative Blocks

• Poor representation with unnecessary constraints
• Fixation
• Functional fixedness

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Historically Creative People

• Muse or good thinking?
• Simontons Darwinian Model
• -large number of varied ideas
• -random selection of variations
• -individual and societal selection