?e?

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?e?µata µa??µat???? s????? st?? ????????
????t?sµ? t?? 6?? ?a? 5?? a???a p. ?.
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• ? a??pt??? t?? ?µµes?? t??p?? s????? st??
  e???????? p??e??, ap? ta t??? t?? 7?? a???a p.
  ?. , de? ????e ?s?t??pa ?a? ?µ???µ??fa st?? ??sµ?
  t?? d?a????µ????.
• ???ßa?a? d?af??et??? ?e?µata s????? ta ?p??a
  a?t?p??s?pe?a?, s??????, d?af??et???? ??????????,
  p???t???? ?a? ??sµ???????? a?t????e??.
• ?at? s???pe?a ? ?µµes?? t??p?? s????? ?a?
  ?e????te?a ?? µa??µat???? a?t????e?? ?a?
  p?a?t???? a?apt?????a? d?af??et??? sta d??f??a
  ?e?µata s????? t?? ep????.

2
????s?µe??te? ep?s?µ??se??

• St?? a???? t?? 6?? a???a d?µ?????????a? ??e?
  ?????????? ?a? ??????µ???? d??at?t?te? st?
  ????t? ?a? t? ???? pe?????, t?? ????a.
• ?? d?µ???at??? p???te?µa ?pe??s??se t??
  ap???ta?????? ?a?est?t?? t?? µ??a???a? ?a? t??
  desp?t?sµ??.
• ?? ??µ?sµa ?a??e?????e ?? ?ts? ap??t?se e??µe??a
  µ?a ??a ????????? ?µ?da p???t?? , p?? e??a?
  ???µat??? p???t? , s a?t??es? µe t???
  pa?ad?s?a???? ?a???t?µ??e?.
• ?a? t? a?f?ß?t? e??e ????et??e? ?? ?ts?
  d?µ?????????e ??a ??? ???t??? e??a?e??.

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• St? p??t? µ?s? t?? 6?? a???a ,? ??????
  f?s????at??? epa??stas? ß?????e a?t?µ?t?p? µe t?
  d????? µ?st???st??? a?tepa??stas?.
• ??? a?tepa??stas? s?????t??sa? st???e?a
  ?e???at???, a??st???at??? ?a? p????ta????, p??
  s?spe??????a? ???? ap? t?? ??????sµ? t?? ??t?
  ?ta??a? ?a? d?aµ??f????a? se d?? ?e?µata t???
  ???a???e???? ?a? t??? ??e?te?.
• ?a a?tepa?astat??? a?t? ?e?µata p??sp???sa? ?a
  pe???????p???s??? ?a? ?a a????s??? t??
  a?t??e?µe???? t??p? ?ata???s?? t??
  p?a?µat???t?ta? a?t?pa?a??t??ta? µ?a ?pe?f?s???
  (?pe?eµpe?????) a?t????? ?a? a?apt?ss??ta?
  µetaf?s???? µe??d??? ?a? da?µ?????at????
  d??as?e?. (se? .144)

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? ap????? a?t?? t?? ?e?µ?t?? st? µa??µat???
s???? t?? p??s???at???? pe???d??
?? ???e? p?????sa? t? ?e?µet???? s????.
?? ???a???e??? ?d?sa? ?µfas? st?? a???µ?t??? ?
st?? a???µ??????? s????.
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?a ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?e?µat?? t?? ???????
f?s????at?a?
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? Ta??? (pe?. 625-546) ,p??te???t?? t??
f?s????at???? ?e?µat??
? Ta??? d?d?s?e? t??? µa??t?? t??. ????e?ta? ??a
µ?a p??s?p?pa?? pa?de?a, d??. ??a e?d?? µa??te?a?
????? ?esµ??? p?a?s??.
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Ge?µet????? ?d?e? p?? ap?d?d??ta? st?? Ta??
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• ?ts? ?p?? pa???s??st??a? ?? ?e?µet????? ?d?e? t??
  Ta?? fa????ta? µeµ???µ??e? ?a? ap?spasµat????.
• ??t? ?fe??eta? st? µ???p?e??? p??d???es? ??a ?a
  ep?s?µa??e? ? µa??µat??? s??e?sf??? t?? Ta??.
• ????e?ta? ??a µ?a µ???µe?? p??s????s?, ??at? ?
  Ta??? as???????e, p??ta ?a? ????a, µe
  ast????µ???, ??sµ??????? ?a? ??sµ??????? ??t?µata
  , sta ?p??a e?s??a?e ?a? ?a???????se ??a e?d??
  Ge?µet????? ?st????µ?a?.
• ??sa s a?t? t? p?a?s?? d?afa??eta? ?a? t? ???µa
  t?? ?e?µet????? ?de?? t??.

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• ?????eta? ?t? ? Ta??? ???s?µ?p???se t?? s????
  t?? ???µ??a ???a?? ????? ??a ?a p??sd????se?
  ta s?µe?a t?? ????stas??? st?? ??????ta,
• ?ts? t?? p??????a? ?? d??f??e? s?s?et?se?? t??
  t??????? µe t?? ????e? ?a? µe t?? ?????.

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?a ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ??a? ?e?µet????? s?????

• ? e?sa???? µ?a? Ge?µet??a? t?? ????a?, ?p?? ?
  ????a ap?t??ese ??a ??? ?e?µet???? a?t??e?µe??
  ?a? ??a ??? µ?s? ?e???sµ?? ?e?µet????? ??t?µ?t??.
  
• ????s?µe??t?? e??a? ? ????? t?? ?s?t?ta?.
• ??afa????ta? ??p??a ???? s?µpe?asµat????
  s??????sµ??.
• ?a ?e?µet???? ??t?µata p?? e?et????ta? e??a?
  ?e???e?µ??a, d??. a?t?µet?p????ta? µ ??a ?e????
  t??p? ?? ??? ?? s???e???µ??e? pe??pt?se??. ??t?
  de???e? µ?a ?e???t??? p??s????s? t?? ?e?µet?????
  ?eµ?t??.
• ?p?? fa??eta?, p??ß????? ta p??ta ???? µ?a?
  Te???t???? Ge?µet??a?, p?? ?a?a?t????eta? ?? ??a
  ?e???? µ??t??? ?e?µet????? s?s?et?se??.

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? a??pt??? ?a? d??d?s? t?? ???? ?de?? ap? t??
??a??µa?d?? (pe?. 610-546)

• ? ??a??µa?d??? ,?? µa??t?? t?? Ta??, p?????se t?
  ??? t??p? s?????.
• ???te??e ??a d??? t?? ast????µ??? µ??t??? µe t?
  ?? ,?? t?µpa?? ???t? ?a? p?at? ?????d??, st?
  ???t?? t?? s?µpa?t?? ?a? t?? ???? ,t? se???? ?a?
  ta ast???a ?a pe??st??f??ta? , ???????, ???? ap
  a?t?.

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• ?p?? fa??eta? ,t? ast????µ??? t?? µ??t???
  ????a??e?ta? ap? ??????? .
• ?at? s???pe?a, a?ade????eta? ? s?µas?a t?? ??????
  ?? ßas??? ?e?µet???? ?????a.
• ????e? ?a ep?s?µa??e? ?t? ? et?µ??????? s?µas?a
  t?? ?????? st?? a??a?a e??????? ???ssa,
  p?????eta? ap? t?? t????.

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• ?? e?d?af???? ??a t?? ????? ?a? t?? s?et????
  ?e?µet????? ?????e? a?apt?????e ?a? ap? t??
  e?as????s? t?? ??a??µa?d??? µe t? ???µ??a.
  ??af????? µ a?t? t?? e?as????s? t?? ?p??????
  s?et???? µa?t???e?.

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? s?µas?a t?? ???µ??a st?? a??pt??? t??
?e?µet????? s????? ,st?? ???a?? ????????
????t?sµ?, ep?s?µ?????e st? s??????? ?st??????af?a
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• ?a s?µe???e? , ep?s??, ?t? ? ep?d?as? t?? ??????
  st?? ??a??µa?d?? fa??eta? ?a? st?? ???????
  ???t?, p?? pa???s?ase.
• ????s?µe??t? e??a? ?a? t? ?e????? ?t? e?s??a?e
  t?? ?????a t?? ape???? st? ??sµ??????? t??
  µ??t???.

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? ?e?µet???? s???? t?? ??????? pa??d?s?? ?a? t?
p???t?sµ??? t?? pe??ß?????

• ?p?? ??e? ep?s?µa??e? , ? ??s? t?? ??a??µa?d???
  ?t? ? ?? e??a? µet???? ?a? de? ????a??e?ta? ap?
  t?p?ta , e?a?t?a? t?? ?µ??a? ap?stas?? ap ??a ta
  s?µe?a t?? ??????a? pe??f??e?a? a?t??a??ept??e?
  t? d?µ???at??? p???te?µa t?? p????-???t??.

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? e????a t?? ???????? ????s?? st?? ???a??
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? ???a???a? (pe?. 580-496)?a? ?
a?ap??sa?at???sµ?? t?? µa??µat???? s?????

• ?ta? a??st???at???? ?ata????? ?a? p??µe??????
  (µ?sta?????) t?? a??st???at???? p???t???? st??
  ??t? ?ta??a.
• ??µ??????se µ?a µ?st???st??? ade?f?t?ta µe
  ???s?e?t???, f???s?f??? ?a? p???t??? ?p?ßa???.

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?? µa??µat???? ?d?e? t?? ???a???e???

• ? ???a???a? ?a? ?? µa??t?? t?? ?e????sa? ?t? ??
  a???µ?? ?ta? ? a??? t?? p??t??.
• ?p??easµ???? ap? t?? a???µ?t???? a?a????e? t??
  µ??s???? d?ast?µ?t?? ?d?sa? ?µfas? st??
  a???µ?t???? s??se?? t?? p?a?µ?t??.
• ?ts? a??pt??a? µ?a µetaf?s??? a?t????? ??a t??
  a???µ? ?a? t?? a???µ?t???? s??se?? p??
  d?ape????se t?s? t?? ??sµ?????a ?a? t??
  ast????µ?a, ?s? t? µ??s??? ?a? t?? ?????.
• G? a?t??? ? a???µ?? ?ta? ? a?t?a ?e?? ?a?
  da?µ????.
• ??t? ? a???µ??????? ?e???s? t?? f?s???? ??sµ??
  ?a? t?? a????p???? s?µpe??f???? de? ?f?se
  a?ep???ast? t? Ge?µet??a, ?p?? s?s?et????ta? p.?.
  t? s?µe?? µe t? µ???da, t? ??aµµ? µe t? d??da t??
  ep?f??e?a µe t?? t???da ?a? t? ste?e? µe t??
  tet??da.

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? s?µß??? t??? st?? a??pt??? t?? ?a??µat????

• ?? ???a???e??? a??pt??a?, ?p?? fa??eta? t??
  a???µ?????a t??? (p?? ap?d????e ,a???te?a, ap?
  ?e?p??a???e???? ?? Te??????µe?a ????µ?t????).
• St?? ?ate????s? a?t? d??????a? t??? a?t???? ap?
  t??? pe??tt??? a???µ???, t??? p??t??? ap? t???
  s???et??? a???µ??? ,t??? t??e???? ?a? t??? f?????
  a???µ???.
• ?s???????a? µe ??p??e? ?d??t?te? a?t?? t??
  a???µ??, ?p?? p.?. t? ?????sµa ??t??? a???µ??
  e??a? ??t??? ? t? pe??tt? ?????sµa pe??tt?? e??a?
  pe??tt??.

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• ???tasa? t??? ?????? ?a? t?? a?a????e? a???µ??,
  ep??easµ???? ap? t?? a?a????e? t?? µ??s????
  ???d??.
• St? p?a?s?? a?t? e?s??a?a? t?e?? a?a???????
  ?s?t?te? t?? a???µ?t???, t? ?e?µet???? ?a? t??
  a?µ?????.
• ?p?s?? ,µe??t?sa? ??p??e? ?d??t?te? t??
  s??µat???p???µ???? a???µ??.

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Ge?µet???? ??µata t?? ???a???e???

• ?p?st????eta? ?t? ?? ???a???e??? ap?de??a? ?t? t?
  ?????sµa t?? ?????? e??? t??????? e??a? 2 ?????.
• ?p?s?? ?p?st????eta? ?t? ?? ???a???e??? ??????a?
  t? ?e???µa t?? ?????????? t???????, p?? s?µe?a
  e??a? ???st? ?? ???a???e?? ?e???µa.
• ?s???????a? µe ??p??a ?a?????? ste?e?
• ??ap?st?sa? t?? ?pa??? ????t?? µe?e???.

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• ?s???????a? µe t? ???s? t?µ?.

• ??s??a?a? t? µ???d? t??
• pa?aß???? t?? ??????,
• p?? e??a? ? µetas??µat?sµ??
• ? ? ?atas?e?? e??? s??µat??
• ?s?d??aµ? (µe t? ?d?? eµßad?)
• µ ??a ???? t? ?p??? ??e? ??p??a ded?µ??a
  st???e?a.

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? ????t?t?ta st??? ???a???e????

• ??a p??a?? e?d??? ??a t? d?ap?st?s? t??
  a???t?t?ta? d?? µe?e??? e??a? ? e???
• 1) ?a ??????a? t? ??t?µa t?? d?p?as?asµ?? t??
  tet?a?????, p?? a?af??eta? st? d?????? t??
  S????t? µe t? d????.
• 2) ?a e?da? ?t? ??a? ?????? ß??s?eta? µeta?? t??
  e??e??aµµ???? tet?a????? t?? ?a? t??
  pe???e??aµµ???? tet?a????? t??, p?? e??a?
  d?p??s??? t?? e??e??aµµ????, d??. ? p 2 ? e

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p
25

• 4) St?? p??sp??e?a ?a a?t?µet?p?ste? t? ??t?µa
  t?? tet?a????sµ?? t?? ?????? , ?ta? f?s????????
  ?a st?ef?ta? ? p??s??? ap? t? s??s? ? p 2 ? e se
  µ?a s??s? t?? p?e????.
• 5) ?ts? e??a? p??? p??a??? ?a s??ft??a? ?t? ?a
  ?p?epe ?a ?s??e ? x? 2 (? xE ) , ?p?? ? ?
  p?e??? t?? tet?a????? e ?a? ? ? p?e??? t??
  tet?a????? p.
• 6) ?st? µ ?a? ? a???a??? a???µ?? p??
  a?t?st?????? st?? p?e???? ? ?a? ? . ?p????µe ?a
  ?p???s??µe ?t? ?? µ ?a? ? e??a? µ? a???????
  a???µ??, d?? . de? ????? ????? d?a???t?.
• 7) ??te ap? t? s??s? ? x? 2(µ xµ) s??ep??eta?
  ?t? ? ? p??pe? ?a e??a? ??t???, ??a ? ? x?
  p???ap??s?? t?? 4 ?? ?ts? ? µ p??pe? ?a e??a?
  ??t???, p?? s?µa??e? ?t? ?? µ ?a? ? e??a?
  ??t???, µ ???a ????a ????? ????? d?a???t?.
  ??t?fas?, p?? ??e? ?? s???pe?a ?a µ?? ?p??????
  d?? t?t???? a???a??? a???µ??.

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?? ast????µ??? µ??t??? t?? ???a???e???

• ?? ???a???e??? p?ste?a? ?t? ??? t? s?µpa? e??a?
  d?aµ??f?µ??? µe t?? a?µ???a ?a? t?? a???µ?.
• ???a? ?? ßas??? a??? t?? a?µ???a t?? sfa????,
  d??. ?t? ta ??????a s?µata ??????ta? a?µ?????
  p??? se d??a d?af??et???? sfa??e?.
• ???t?? t?? s?µpa?t?? ?ta? µ?a est?a f?t??? ?? ???
  ? ?? ? ? ?????.

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?a ?a?a?t???st??? t?? µa??µat???? s????? t??
???a???e???

• ?? ???a???e??? ?d??a? ?µfas? st? ???t??? ?e???s?
  ?? ??? st?? eµpe?????.
• G?a pa??de??µa, ? a???µ?? ?ta?, ?? a?t???, ??a
  ?a?a?? ???t??? e??a?e??, p?? ????? a?t? ? ??sµ??
  de? µp??e? ?a ???e? a?t??e?µe?? ???s??.
• ???pt??a? t? µa??µat??? s???? ??? µe afet???a t??
  a?t????? t?? a?s??se?? ? t?? e???as?. ? ep?pt???
  a?t????? ?pa??e de?te?e???ta ????.

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? µa??µat??? pa?de?a t?? ???a???e???

• ?? ???a???e??? p??ßa?a? t?? e?e??e?? pa?de?a,
  d??. t?? d?apa?da????s? ??a t?? ap??t?s? t??
  ?a?a??? ???s?? ?? ??? , ap??, t? ???s?µ? ???s?.
• ?p???a? d?? ?????? µa??t?? ?? µa??µat????, (p??
  ?ta? µ??µ???? ?a? µp????sa? ?a ??t??? ??a
  e??t?µata ?a? ?a d?e?sd???? se ??a µ???p?t?a t??
  s?????) ?a? ?? a???sµat???? (p?? ?p?epe ?a
  e????µat?st??? st? p?e?µa ?a? t?? ep?ta??? t??
  ade?f?t?ta?, a?t?? ?p?epe ap?? ?a µa?a????? ?a?
  ?a p??sa?µ?st??? st?? t??p? ???? ?a?
  s?µpe??f????).

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496 p. ?. ? ????t?? ?atast??feta? ap? t???
???se?
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? ??eat??? S????, µe p??t?p??? t?? ?a?µe??d?

• ? ?a?µe??d?? (p. 515-440) ?ta? ? p??t??
  s?µa?t???? e?p??s?p?? t?? f???s?f???? s????? t??
  e?eat??. ???e???ta? ap? p???s?a ?a? p???t???
  ?s???? ???????e?a.
• ???pt??e µ?a p???µ? µ??f? s??????sµ??, d??. ??a
  p???µ? e?d?? ??????? s?µpe?asµ??.
• ?ta? ? p??t?? p?? e?s??????e t?? e?? ?t?p?
  apa????, d??. ??a? ?µµes? t??p? ap?de????.

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?????a? ? ??e?t?? (p. 490-415)

• ?a??t?? t?? ?a?µe??d? .
• ?p?st????e t?? f???s?f???? ap??e?? t?? das?????
  t?? e???t?a st? d??sµ? t?? ???a???e??? ?a? st?
  µetaß??t?t?ta ?a? t?? a??a?? t?? ??????? S?????.
• ???a? p??? ???st?? ??a ta pa??d??? t??.

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??? pa??d??a t?? ?????a
? ?????a? ,µe ta pa??d??a t?? ,?p?s?a?e t??
?????e? t?? s??e???? ?a? t?? ape????.
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Ge???? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ??eat???? S?????

• ???de??a? t? ?e???t??? f?s? t?? e??????, t??
  ?a?a??? ?????e?, ?? t? s?µa?t???te?? s?stat???
  st?? ?ata???s? t?? a???e?a?. ?p?ß??µ?sa?, ?ts?
  t?? eµpe?????? (a?s??t????) ?????e? ?? ate?e??
  ?a? pa?ap?a??t????.
• ???ßa?a? t?? ?e???t??? t??p? s??????sµ??, p??
  st????eta? se ?a?a??? ?????e? ?a? se µ?a
  ?e???t??? ??????.
• ?p??a??a? t?? ?d?a t?? d?t?µ?? ??????? ?a? t??
  a??? t?? µ?-a?t?fas?? st?? ?????? s??????sµ?.
• ??s??????a? t?? ?µµes? t??p? ap?de????, a?t??
  t?? e?? ?t?p?? apa????.
• ??esa? ?p? aµf?sß?t?s? t?? ?d?a t?? s??e???? ?a?
  t?? ?d?a t?? ape????, ?a? t??
  s?et???? d?ad??as???.

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?? S?f?st??
?? S?f?st?? ?ta? d?s?a???, ?????? t?? ??t??????.
???pt??a? t?? ??t????? ?a? ?at?
s???pe?a s?st?µat?p???sa? t?? ep??e???µat?????a
? ?pp?a?, ? ??t?f?? ?a? ? ???s?? as???????a? µe
ta ???ta p??ß??µata t?? ???a???
????????? ?a??µat????.
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???ta p??ß??µata
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? s???? t?? at?µ???? f???s?f????µ????t?? (pe?.
475-395)

• ? ??µ????t?? ?ta? e??at?stat??, µe d?µ???at????
  pep????se?? ?a? d?ast????t?te?.
• S a?t??es? µe t??? e?e?te?, ?p?st????e t??
  ad????p? ????s? ?a? µetaß??? t?? p?a?µ?t??, ????
  t?? a????a? ????s?? ?a? t?? p???ap??t?ta? t??
  s?µf?s?? ? t?? µetaß???sµ?? t?? at?µ?? d??. t??
  st???e??d?? s?µat?d??? t?? ????.
• ?p?s??, de??ta? t?? ?pa??? t?? ?e???.
• ?a? ? s???? t?? e??e ?? ß?s? t?? a?t????at?a,
  d??. ?e????se ?t? ???e fa???µe?? ? ?e????? e??e
  t?? a?t?e? t??.

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? s?µß??? t?? ??µ????t?? sta ?a??µat???

• ?ta? p???µa??stat?? ?a? p?????af?tat??.
• ?eta?? t?? e?d?afe???t?? t?? ?ta? ?a? ta
  ?a??µat???.
• ???a?e, s?µf??a µe µa?t???e?, ??a t? Ge?µet??a,
  t??? ????µ??? ?a? t?? ????te? G?aµµ??.
• ??at?p?se t?? p??tas? s?µf??a µe t?? ?p??a ??a?
  ????? e??a? t? ??a t??t? t?? ?????d??? µe t??
  ?d?a ß?s? ?a? t? ?d?? ????.
• ?µ??a, µ?a p??aµ?da e??a? t? ??a t??t? t??
  p??sµat?? µe t?? ?d?a ß?s? ?a? t? ?d?? ????.

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St? ????sµa t?? 5?? a???a p. ?.

• ? F????a?? (pe?. 470-385) ?ta? d?ap?ep??
  f???s?f?? , µeta?? t?? p??a???e??? t?? de?te???
  ?e????,µet? t?? ???a???a.
• ?s???????e µe t? µetaf?s??? p?e??? t?? a???µ??
  ?a? t?? a?µ?????? s??se??.
• ?p?s?? a??pt??e t? µ???d? t?? ?p???se??, ?p??,µe
  t? µ??f? t?? a?t?µ?t?? ?a? t?? a????,
  µe??de???ta? ? a??pt??? t?? f???s?f???? ?
  ep?st?µ?????? ?eµ?t??. ??????se, d??. ??p???
  e?d?? p???µ?? a???µat???? µe??d??.

?. ?ast???
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• ? ????ta? (pe?. 430-350) ?ta? ?? a?t?? st?? ?????
  t?? p??a???e??? t?? de?te??? ?e????,µet? t??
  ???a???a. ?ta? s?µa?t???? pa?????ta? st??
  p???t??? ??? t?? ??t? ?ta??a?, ??ße???t??,
  st?at???? ?a? ep?st?µ??a?.
• ?s???????e µe d??f??a ??t?µata t?? te???????a?.
• ?p?s?? ?d?se µ?a ??s? st? p??ß??µa t??
  d?p?as?asµ?? t?? ??ß??

?. ?ast???
41

• ? ????p?d?? ap? t? ??? (??µase st? de?te?? µ?s?
  t?? 5?? a???a p. ?.) as???????e µe t??
  ?st????µ?a ?a? ?atas?e?ase t?? ???et? se µ?a
  e??e?a µe ?e?µet???? ???a?a.
• ? ?pp????t?? ap? t? ??? (??µase st? de?te?? µ?s?
  t?? 5?? a???a p. ?.) as???????e µe t? eµp????.
• ???a?e, p??t??, ß?ß??? ??a ta St???e?a t??
  Ge?µet??a? .
• ?? ???µa t?? ?µe??e st?? ?st???a µe t? ep?te??µ?
  t?? ?a tet?a????se? t??? µ???s???? .

?. ?ast???
42
???-??at????? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? µa??µat????
s?????

• ????? t?? a???? t?? 4?? a???a a?ade?????a? ??p??a
  µa??µat??? e?d?af????ta ?a? ??p??a µa??µat???
  p??ß??µata.
• ?p?s?? d?aµ??f????a? ??p???? µa??µat???? t??p??
  s????? ?a? ??p??a ???st??? e??a?e?a .
• Ost?s?, t? ep?st?µ??????? ?p?ßa??? ?ta?
  ?ata?e?µat?sµ??? ?a? a??µ????e???. ??t? s?µa??e?
  ?t? ?? d??f??e? ???st???? p??se???se?? ?ta?
  ?de??????? pe???a?a??µ??e?.

?. ?ast???
43
?. ?ast???