BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

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BASIC CELL BIOLOGY
I CHEMISTRY of LIFE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM

• Information Turnover
• Energy Supply
• Metabolic Pathways the Turnover of Materials
• Basic Properties of the Enzymes

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Lecture 6
METABOLISM
THE TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE CELL
Information turnover continuation, use and
transfer of the hereditary information
Energy supply production of energy for the
chemical reactions in the cell
Turnover of the materials - biosynthesis and
degradation of macromolecules, their constituents
and other substances in the cell
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Lecture 6
INFORMATION TURNOVER
DNA
RNA
Protein
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Lecture 6
METABOLISM AND GROWTH
Nutritional substances (construction materials)
Junk
Energy
Additional components
Processed products
CELL
Cell components
SECONDARY METABOLISM
Nutritional substances (fuel)
Trash
BASIC (PRIMARY) METABOLISM
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
ENERGY IS SUPPLIED TO THE MOST CELLS BY CHEMICAL
REACTIONS - OXIDATION
FOR THE PLANTS AND SEVERAL MICROORGANISM SPECIES
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY MAY BE LIGHT
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
REDOX REACTIONS OXIDATION
H3C-OH OCH-OH
Oxidation combustion (release of energy)
Oxidisers are the elements (molecules, atoms),
which take away the electrons. Oxidisers get
reduced.
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
REDOX REACTIONS REDUCTION
Reduction needs the energy
Reducers are the elements (molecules, compounds),
which donate electrons to other elements
(molecules, compounds). Reducers get oxidised.
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
COMPLEX REDUCED COMPOUNDS
(glucose)
ADP ATP
ENERGY
CATABOLISM
ANABOLISM
SIMPLE OXIDISED COMPOUNDS
(CO2 H2O)
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6H2O
H - C - OH
CO 2H
Transmitter
OO
CO2 H2O
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
The electron transport chain in the membrane
gradually decreases the energy of the electron
and finally adds it to the final acceptor
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Lecture 6
TURNOVER OF ENERGY
NAD
2H
-2He-
NADHH
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
The electron transport chain in the membrane
gradually decreases the energy of the electron
and finally adds it to the final acceptor
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Lecture 6
CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY (P.Mitchell)
Electrons release energy gradually
Energy supply
Electrons from NADH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

H
H
H
1/2 O2 2H
H
CYTOPLASM
OUTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H
H2O
H
ADP Pi
ATP
MEMBRANE
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Lecture 6
Energy supply
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Lecture 6
Biosythesis and degradation of the
macromolecules and other chemical compounds in
the cell occurs in the result of elementary
chemical reactions, which are catalysed by
special proteins - enzymes.
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes are substrate specific. The
specificity is determined by the structure of the
active site
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes are biocatalists, they do not change
in the result of the reaction
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
FRUCTOSE
LACTOSE
The enzymes are substrate specific.
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes do not supply energy to the reactions
they catalyse
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes help to optimise the positioning of
substrates
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes increase the frequency of collisions
between the substrates
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes place the reacting bond in optimal
neighbourhood of charged groups
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the
reaction
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymesC
The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the
reaction
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymes are specialised for particular
chemical reactions
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary
chemical exchange
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary
chemical exchange
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary
chemical exchange
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary
chemical exchange
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The enzymatic reactions are reversible
K1
K2
S E
SE
E P
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the
structure of the enzyme molecule is changed
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the
structure of the enzyme molecule is changed
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the
structure of the enzyme molecule is changed
allosteric regulation
Allosteric site
Active site
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
The activity of the enzymes is lost if the
structure of the enzyme molecule is changed
allosteric regulation
Allosteric inhibitor
Substrate
Allosteric activator
ACTIVE
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
Competitive inhibitor
Substrate
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
INACTIVE
Non-competitive inhibitor
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
Competitive inhibitor
Substrate
p-aminobenzoic acid
Sulfanilamide
PRODUCT FOLIC ACID
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials enzymes
Inhibition of the enzyme activity
PRODUCT FOLIC ACID
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC
PATHWAYS
Linear
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC
PATHWAYS
Cyclic
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC
PATHWAYS
Repetitive
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials metabolic pathways
METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC
PATHWAYS
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Lecture 6
Turnover of the materials metabolic pathways
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Lecture 6
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
ORGANISMS ARE CHEMICAL FACTORIES
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Lecture 6
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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