The Chemical Basis of Life

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The Chemical Basis of Life

• Or, why do we need to know chemistry in biology??

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Heirarchy of organization
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• Elements can be put together to form compounds
  (and molecules)
• 2H 1O H2O
• 2H 2O H2O2
• CO2 CO

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Chemical bonding

• Can be weak
• Loser
• Gainer
• Can be strong

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Chemical bonds vs. energy

• creating bonds
• breaking bonds
• Enzymes

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Who the heck cares??
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Organic macromolecules of Life
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Carbon is the basis of life

• C, H, O, N are major life molecules
• Carbon likes to bond
• Food builds life

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MONOMERS

• Monomers

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Condensation reaction

• or dehydration synthesis

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Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates

• CHO
• Monomer is a monosaccharide
• Glucose, fructose, galactose
• disaccharide
• polysaccharide
• QUICK NRG (sugars) and regulate body (fiber)

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Carbohydrates can store energy for short term

• Animals as glycogen in liver, chiton in
  exoskeleton
• Plants as starch and cellulose fiber
• Complex sugars like veggies (polysaccharides) are
  harder to digest, but give more NRG

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Lipids

• CHO in long chains
• More than 2x the NRG of carbos
• Monomer is a fatty acid alcohol
• Fat, waxes, steroids, hormones, cholesterol,
• Long term NRG storage
• insulation organ protection major part of cell
• hydrophobic

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Proteins

• CHON, and functional group known as R
• Monomer is Amino Acid
• Peptide bonds
• Alanine, lysine, tryptophan
• Structural component hair, skin, muscle
• Catalysts for chemical RXNs
• Maintain Homeostasis in cells, muscle
  contraction, antibodies, some hormones

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Enzymes

• Special type of protein
• Acts to catalyze chemical RXNs
• Only work within specific conditions of temp, pH
  and amounts

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Nucleic Acids

• CHON phosphate group
• Monomer is nucleotide
• DNA, RNA, ATP
• Genetic material (DNA, RNA)
• directions, makes proteins
• Useable NRG of cell (ATP - adenosine
  tri-phosphate

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Waters Wet

• Makes up 85 of human body
• maintain homeostasis
• excellent solvent dissolves our food!
• transport molecules in and out of cells

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Healthy Diet includes

• Organic compounds
• Carbos
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Vitamins

• Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Minerals

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