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Belarus

• ????????
• ????A?
• ?????
• ??9125119A
• ??????? ??

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??...
Belarus

• Government ??
• Economy ??
• Communications ??

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??...

• ? ?? ???????
• conventional long form Republic of Belarus
• ? ?? ????
• conventional short form Belarus
• ? ???? ???????,????????
• Government type republic in name, although in
  fact a dictatorship
• ? ?? ???
• Capital Minsk
• ? ????? 1991?8?25? (?????)
• Independence 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
• ? ???? 8?25?(1991??????)
• 7?3?(1994???????????)
• National holiday Independence Day, 3 July
  (1944) note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was
  liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was
  the date of independence from the Soviet Union
• ? ?? 1994?3?30???(?2004?10?17?????,?
• ?????????)
• Constitution 30 March 1994 revised by
  national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving
  the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
  effective 27

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• ? ???? ??????
• Legal system based on civil law system
• ? ??? ??18??????
• Suffrage18 years of age universal
• ? ???? ??????(?1994?7?20??)
• Chief of state President Aleksandr
  LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
• ? ????? ?????(?2003?12?19??)
• Head of government Prime Minister Sergei
  SIDORSKY (since 19 December 2003)
• ? ????? ?????????
• Legislative branch bicameral National
  Assembly (64 seats 56 members elected by
  regional councils and 8 members appointed by the
  president)
• ? ???? ????(??????)
• ?????(??????????,?????
• ?????)
• Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are
  appointed by the president) Constitutional Court
  (half of the judges appointed by the president
  and half appointed by the Chamber of
  Representatives)

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• ?(???)
• International organization participation CEI,
  CIS, EAPC, EBRD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
  IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM
  (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE,
  PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

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• ? ??????????????????????????????1/2,??????,???????
  ??????????????????????
• Flag description red horizontal band (top) and
  green horizontal band one-half the width of the
  red band a white vertical stripe on the hoist
  side bears Belarusian national ornamention in red

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• ? ???????2003?2004??????6.1?6.4????????????????
  ?????,??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ????????????,??????,????????????????,????????

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• ? Economy - overview Belarus's economy in
  2003-04 posted 6.1 and 6.4 growth. Still, the
  economy continues to be hampered by high
  inflation, persistent trade deficits, and ongoing
  rocky relations with Russia, Belarus' largest
  trading partner and energy supplier. Belarus has
  seen little structural reform since 1995, when
  President LUKASHENKO launched the country on the
  path of "market socialism." In keeping with this
  policy, LUKASHENKO reimposed administrative
  controls over prices and currency exchange rates
  and expanded the state's right to intervene in
  the management of private enterprises. In
  addition, businesses have been subject to
  pressure on the part of central and local
  governments, e.g., arbitrary changes in
  regulations, numerous rigorous inspections,
  retroactive application of new business
  regulations, and arrests of "disruptive"
  businessmen and factory owners. A wide range of
  redistributive policies has helped those at the
  bottom of the ladder the Gini coefficient is
  among the lowest in the world. For the time
  being, Belarus remains self-isolated from the
  West and its open-market economies. Growth has
  been strong in recent years, despite the
  roadblocks in a tough, centrally directed economy
  and the high, but decreasing, rate of inflation.
  Growth has been buoyed by increased Russian
  demand for generally noncompetitive Belarusian
  goods.

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??

• F??????705???
• F??????-????
• ?6.4
• F??????-????
• 6,800 ??
• F????GDP???
• ?? 11
• ?? 36.4
• ?? 52.6
• GDP purchasing power parity - 70.5 billion(2004
  est.)
• GDP - real growth rate 6.4 (2004 est.)
• GDP -per capita purchasing power parity
• 6,800 (2004 est.)
• GDP - composition by sector agriculture 11
• industry 36.4 services 52.6 (2004 est.)

• F??????5762???
• F??????-????
• ?6
• F??????-????
• 25,300 ??
• F????GDP???
• ??1.7
• ??30.9
• ??67.4
• GDP purchasing power parity-576.2billion (2004
  est.)
• GDP - real growth rate6 (2004 est.)
• GDP - per capita purchasing power parity-25,300
  (2004
• est.)
• GDP - composition by sector agriculture1.7
• industry 30.9 services67.4(2004set)

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• F??????????
• 21.8?
• F?????????
• 27.1?
• F?????17.4?
• F???2?
• Investment (gross fixed) 21.8 of GDP (2004
• est.)
• Population below poverty line 27.1 (2003 est.)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices) 17.4 (2004
• est.)
• Unemployment rate 2 officially registered
• unemployed large number of underemployed
• workers (2004)

• F??????????
• 18?
• F?????????
• 1?
• F?????1.7?
• F???4.5?
• Investment (gross fixed) 18 of GDP (2004 est.)
• Population below poverty line1 (2000 est.)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices)1.7 (2004 est.)
  
• Unemployment rate4.5 (2004 est.)

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• F???430.5???
• F?????????
• ?
• ??14
• ??34.7
• ??51.3
• Labor force 4.305 million (31
• December 2003)
• Labor force - by occupation
• agriculture 14,industry 34.7, services
• 51.3 (2003est.)

• F???1022???
• F??????????
• ??8
• ??35
• ??57
• Labor force10.22 million (2004 est.)
• Labor force - by occupation
• agriculture8,industry 35, services 57
• (2001 est.)

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• F??33.2????
• F??35.6????
• F?????,??
• ?,??,??,?
• ?,??,???
• revenues 3.326 billion
• expenditures 3.564 billion, including
• capital expenditures of 180 million (2004
• est.)
• Agriculture - products grain, potatoes,
• vegetables, sugar beets, flax, beef, milk

• F??674????
• F??767????
• F?????,?
• ?,??,??,
• ?, ?,??,?
• ?,??, ??
• revenues67.41 billion
• expenditures76.7 billion, including
• capital expenditures of 14.4 billion (2004
• est.)
• Agriculture - products rice, corn,
• vegetables, fruit, tea pigs, poultry, beef,
• milk fish

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• F??????,????,?
• ?,????,???,??,
• ??,??,????,??,
• ????,???? ?
• F???????12.2
• F??1705????
• F??1654????
• Industries electronics, petroleum refining,
  armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel,
  machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles,
  consumer products, pharmaceuticals
• Industrial production growth rate12.2 (2004
  est.)
• Exports170.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
• Imports165.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

• F???????,?
• ?, ???,??,?
• ?,????,??,?
• ??,???,???
• F???????4
• F??114.7????
• F??135.7????
• Industries metal-cutting machine tools,
  tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles,
  televisions, chemical fibers, fertilizer,
  textiles, radios, refrigerators
• Industrial production growth rate4 (2004 est.)
  
• Exports 11.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
• Imports 13.57 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

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• F????7.7???
• F??6????
• F?????????
• F????BYR
• F?? 1??2,170??
• Reserves of foreign exchange gold770.2
  million (2004 est.)
• Debt - external600 million (2004 est.)
• Currency Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
• Currency code BYB
• Exchange rates Belarusian rubles per US dollar -
  2,170 (2004)

• F????2465???
• F??555????
• F??????
• F????TWD
• F?? 1??33.39??
• Reserves of foreign exchange gold246.5
• billion (2004 est.)
• Debt - external55.5 billion (2004 est.)
• Currency new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
• Currency code TWD
• Exchange rates new Taiwan dollars per US dollar
  - 33.39 (2004)

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500???
500???
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?307?? 3,071,300 (2003)
?112?? 1.118 million (2003) 375

• ?1135??
• 13.355 million (2003)
• ?2500??
• 25,089,600 (2003)
• 886

• ????
• Telephones - main lines
• in use
• ??????
• Telephones mobile
• cellular
• ???
• country code

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• ????
• Radio broadcast stations
• ????????
• Internet country code
• ??????
• Internet users

AM 28, FM 37
AM 218, FM 333
.tw
.by
?140??
1380??
1,391,900 (2003)
13.8 million (2005)
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