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Vertebral Column
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General Characteristics

• 1. Consists of 26 irregular bones
• 2. A curved structure that extends from the
  skull to the pelvic region
• 3. Surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
• 4. It provides for attachment for ribs and
  muscles of neck and back.

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Divisions

• 1. 7 cervical vertebrate
• 2. 12 thoracic vertebrate
• 3. 5 lumbar vertebrate
• 4. five fused vertebrate sacrum
• 5. four fused vertebrate coccyx

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Curvatures

• 1. Cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave
  posteriorly.
• 2. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are convex
  posteriorly.
• 3. These curvatures increase resiliency and
  flexibility of the spine.

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Intervertebral Discs

• Cushion like pads that act as shock absorbers and
  allow the spine to flex, extend, and bend
  laterally.

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General Structure of Vertebrate

• 1. Each vertebra has an anteriorbody and a
  posterior vertebral arch that together with the
  body form the vertebral foramen through which the
  spinal cord passes.

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• 2. The vertebral arch has 2 pedicles and 2
  laminae. These give rise to several projections.
• A) median spinous process
• B) 2 lateral transverse process
• C) Paired superior and inferior articular
  processes.

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• 3. The pedicles have notches on their superior
  and inferior borders called intervertebral
  foramen. The intervertebral foramen provide
  openings for the passage of spinal nerves.

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Thoracic Cage aka Rib Cage

• Consists of
• Thoracic vertebrae
• The ribs
• The sternum
• Costal cartilage
• Provides for protection around the organs of the
  thoracic cavity, and provide support for the
  shoulder girdles and upper limbs

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Sternum

• A flat bone made of three fused bones manubrium,
  body, and xiphoid process.
• The manubrium articulates with the clavicles.
• The body articulates with the cartilage of ribs
  2-7.
• Xiphoid process the inferior end

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Ribs

• 12 pairs
• The superior seven attach directly to the sternum
  with individual costal cartilages. They are
  considered to be true ribs.
• The inferior five attach indirectly or not at all
  to the sternum. They are considered to be
  false ribs.

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