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Title: U.S. EOC Review PART II


1
U.S. EOC ReviewPART II
2
American Imperialism (Turn of 20th Century)
  • Post-Civil War, most Am. showed little interest
    in expanding their nations territory
    international influence. Instead, they focused on
    reconstructing the South, building up the
    nations industries settling the West.
  • Beginning in the 1880s, however, American
    opinion began to shift. More people wanted to
    make the United States a world power.
  • Reasons for imperialism new markets, more
    materials, manifest destiny/anglo-saxonism, and
    The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
  • Imperialism- the economic and political
    domination of a strong nation over other weaker
    nations.
  • At the time, there was economic military
    competition from other powerful nations (Germany,
    France, England, and Russia were all expanding
    and imperializing other weaker nations) they
    were all competing to become the worlds
    superpower America, having just industrialized,
    was not about to fall behind.
  • Alfred Mahan argued for building a modern navy,
    support for this grew in the late 1800s to avoid
    being shut out of foreign markets.

3
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM
  • ECONOMIC REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM Actions in the
    Pacific/Latin America were primarily taken to
    improve the U.S. economically.
  • ECONOMIC REASONS No one (1) country has all the
    rubber, tin, oil, and other resources it takes to
    maintain a good economy.
  • Because factories depend on raw materials to make
    their products, it was necessary to go out and
    find more and more raw materials.
  • The question thus became What countries have
    stuff and are they weak enough for America to
    politically and economically (and sometimes
    militarily) exploit them? Asia and the Caribbean
    provided the answer to that question.
  • In a sense, this fed right along with the ideas
    of Social Darwinism powerful nations most
    adapted, weaker nations less adapted and
    therefore destined to be dominated and exploited.
  • Also, the US made a lot of stuff during the
    industrial era. There were only so many Americans
    who would buy it. In order to sell to more,
    American businessmen needed to go out and find
    more and more countries to open up trade with.
  • MORAL REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM- Manifest Destiny-
    the idea that God destined America to keep
    expanding and that it is Americas moral purpose
    to spread civilization and American
    Christianity throughout the world, especially
    the weaker ones who were misfortunate by not
    having these advancements.

4
CAUSES SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
  • Cuba Cuba was an important and highly profitable
    sugar cane colony of Spain. Beginning in the
    1890s, the US and Cuba had an agreement where
    they would be allowed to set up sugar cane
    plantations, railroads and mines in Cuba (with
    Spanish permission, of course). For a long time,
    trade with the US helped fuel the Cuban economy,
    until in the late 1890s Cuba hit a depression.
    Soon, Cubans started calling out for independence
    from Spain.
  • Led by rebel Jose Marti, the Cubans began a
    revolution for their independence, free from
    Spain. But the rebellion was brutally crushed by
    Spanish forces there were many war atrocities,
    including mass killings and concentration camps
    in Cuba.
  • News of these atrocities reached the US via
    yellow journalism (sensational news stories),
    this angered Americans enough to hate Spain.
  • In addition, many Cuban rebels purposely wrecked
    American-owned property in Cuba (railroads and
    factories) in order to influence wealthy business
    owners to cry for war.
  • Many Americans wanted war with Spain would use
    any excuse to start it. In March 1898, the USS
    Maine, an American navy ship, blew up off of the
    Havana Harbor, Cuba, and immediately the US
    blamed Spain. On April 19, 1898, the US declared
    war on Spain.

5
Consequences The Spanish-American War
  • Fighting in Cuba for the Americans was not as
    easy as they expected. Many died from disease
    caused by unsanitary war conditions more
    American soldiers died as a result of disease
    than actual combat. Soon, Teddy Roosevelt, then
    Secretary of the Navy, quit his high-paying job
    to start a group called the rough riders, a
    cavalry unit made up of cowboys and miners.
    Their courageous war efforts boosted the Am.
    advance along with the navy, helped defeat
    Spain the Spanish surrendered on Aug. 12 1898.
    TR would emerge with the medal of honor and
    labeled a war hero.
  • Philippines The US also helped the Philippines
    gain independence from Spain. However, there was
    much disagreement between the US and the
    Filipinos as how the Philippines would be
    controlled, and if the US should stay behind.
    After much tension, the US, deciding not to annex
    the Philippines, left the island in 1902.
    Although it took until 1946 to finally grant them
    full independence, the US let the Philippines
    become its own independent country, without
    annexing it.
  • Because of the Spanish-American War, the US was
    able to acquire Guam (territory), the
    Philippines, and Puerto Rico (commonwealth).
    Cuba was free (but really became a
    protectorate) Guam and Puerto Rico were
    annexed, therefore the U.S. became a world
    power. More importantly, the Spanish-American war
    kicked out most of the original colonial powers
    from the Western hemisphere and solidified the
    U.S. as the dominant power of the hemisphere.

Platt Amendment the amendment that made Cuba a
protectorate of the US after the Spanish-
American War
6
Reasons for building Panama Canal
  • Because of the Spanish-American war, the US
    realized that they needed a quicker route from
    the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. The US navy
    would be much more efficient if a shortcut could
    be found. The Panama Canal, if built, would
    reduce travel time drastically.
  • In addition, ownership of the Panama Canal would
    mean that the US could make a lot of money and
    possess a lot of influence as the country who
    possesses the key to door to the Pacific and
    Atlantic. It would also increase and make easier
    American trade with other countries.
  • President Teddy Roosevelt pushed for the building
    of the Panama Canal at all costs.
  • Teddy Roosevelt needed the Panama Canal built and
    for America to make its presence known throughout
    the world. After some political and naval
    maneuvering, the US was able to obtain from
    Colombia (the original owners of the isthmus of
    Panama where the canal was to be built) the
    isthmus of Panama. American then, after long
    years and work, built the canal!

The Canal proved difficult because of Yellow
Fever (viral) and malaria (bacterial). The
imported workforce kept dying.
7
Roosevelt Corollary
  • Increased involvement in world affairs and an
    increased interest in building the Panama Canal
    lead Roosevelt to issue the Roosevelt Corollary,
    in which he said that the US would intervene in
    Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain
    economic and political stability in the Western
    hemisphere He called it the Big Stick Policy.
  • Im going to build a canal, so stay away! Spain
    and any power who wants to intervene in the
    Americas has to deal with the United States!
  • This statement of intent is a reminder to the
    rest of the world of the earlier stated (81 years
    earlier!) Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which also
    warned the world powers of the world to stay out
    of the western hemisphere.
  • After Teddy Roosevelt, the next president,
    William Howard Taft, adopted dollar diplomacy,
    which agreed to financially aid Panama out of
    troubles in order to protect American interests
    in Panama (specifically, the Panama Canal, of
    course).

8
Chinas Open Door Policy
  • China had remained a traditional society up until
    the late 1800s. In 1894, China lost a war against
    newly modernized Japan and made China realize
    they too needed to modernize and begin trade with
    other foreign nations.
  • China, just having lost a war, was in a weak
    state and therefore easy to take advantage of.
    The US convinced China that if it needed to
    modernize and recover, then it had to open up
    its doors to the rest of the world.
  • Open Door Policy- an international economic
    policy in which China opened up its doors for
    trade to the rest of the world.
  • China, though weak at the time, contained on its
    land some of the worlds best resources. When
    China opened up its doors, all the superpowers
    went in established their own economic zones
    within the country these zones were called
    spheres of influence.
  • In a sphere of influence, a foreign country comes
    into China and sets up their own economic zone
    within China in this zone the foreign power
    controls the economy (although politically the
    land still belongs to China).
  • Exploitation of Chinese resources began and many
    Chinese nationalists were angered.

9
The Progressive Era 1890-1920
  • Progressivism was primarily a reaction against
    laissez-faire economics its emphasis was on a
    more regulated market increased government
    intervention.
  • Progressives also believed that government could
    and should fix societys problems.
  • The Progressive Era marks a time when numerous
    laws and reform are passed to deal with social
    and economic problems in favor of those
    struggling.
  • A muckraker is journalist who exposed social
    problems such as horrible living conditions, bad
    working conditions, and political. corruption.
    After exposure, many times laws and regulation
    would get passed as a result.
  • Example Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, which
    exposed the dangerous and uncleanliness of the
    meatpacking industry. His muckraking led to the
    passing of the Meat Inspection Act and government
    regulation of food and drugs.
  • Jacob Riis wrote the book How the other half
    lives about the dirty and awful living
    conditions of NYCs slum tenement housing. He
    also criticized the abundance of alcohol and
    saloons in the cities.
  • Ida Tarbell- a woman, a muckraker that brought
    down Standard Oil (Rockafeller)
  • A small group of Socialists believed in
    government ownership of business.

10
Progressivism Women Suffrage
  • Suffrage means the right to vote.
  • After many years of struggle for women, and
    numerous failed attempts to pass women's suffrage
    amendments, women were finally granted the right
    to vote by 1919.
  • In 1919, the amendment passed (barely).
  • Women were granted the right to vote through the
    19th amendment.
  • WOMEN IN THE 1920s
  • Women had recently been given the right to vote
    (suffrage) by the 19th Amendment in 1919, though
    it was not effective until 1920.
  • Women also used the freedom of the times to live
    a more free and fulfilling life. More women were
    going to college and as a result many women were
    inspired to pursue careers challenge
    traditional values.

11
Florida and Industry
  • Henry Flagler (railroads and hotels- tourism)
  • Cigars in Ybor City
  • Railroad construction to Key West
  • Jose Marti- a Cuban revolutionary who helped to
    stir up support for the Cubans in the Spanish
    American War. He was important to the large Cuban
    population of Florida.

12
Causes for WWI
  • ALLIANCE SYSTEM In Europe, many countries had
    been creating alliances with and against one
    another (often in secret).
  • Triple Alliance Germany Austria Hungary
    Italy
  • Triple Entente Fr Russia GB
  • GROWING NATIONALISM There was also growing
    nationalism within nations, or jingoism, which
    means extreme pride in ones country.
  • MILITARIZATION AND ARMS RACES The British the
    Prussians (Germans) competed in a naval arms race
    to see who could produce the worlds largest
    navy.
  • Similarly, many countries competed with each
    other to out-militarize each other. Massive
    militarization efforts began, with each proud
    European country ready to show off its muscle,
    and maybe actually use it.
  • Europe was primed ready for war.
  • On October 1914, The assassination of
    Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a
    Serbian nationalist sparked a war between the
    Central Allied powers of Europe.

Allied Powers Central Powers
Russia Britain France Italy (switches sides) Germany Austria-Hungary Italy (part of Triple Alliance but goes to Allies)
Serbia Ottoman Empire
13
REASONS why the US got involved in WWI
  • UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
  • Woodrow Wilson refused to get involved, even
    after 128 Americans were killed when a U-boat
    (German submarine) sunk a British passenger ship
    called the Lusitania.
  • A year later, a U-boat torpedoed a French
    passenger ship, injuring several Americans.
    Wilson told Germany to quit unrestricted
    submarine warfare or prepare to fight the US.
    Germany actually did NOT want the US getting
    involved.
  • To avoid gaining a new enemy, Germany signed the
    Sussex Pledge, which stated that Germany would
    not sink anymore merchant ships without warning.
  • ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
  • A German official, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a
    telegram to the Ambassador in Mexico promising
    him Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, if, in
    return, they would help Germany launch an attack
    on the Americans.
  • But the telegram never made it to Mexico the
    telegram fell into the hands of the British, who
    quickly leaked it to the American newspapers.
  • Americans were furious.
  • After its publication, Germany resumed
    unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking 6
    additional US merchant ships.
  • In April 1917 Wilson requested that Congress
    declare war on Germany. They did.
  • MINI REASON We had cultural ties with GB knew
    they needed our help against Ger.

14
US Home Front MOBILIZING WWI
  • US not prepared in 1917. US needed the 3 Ms men
    (soldiers), materials, and money!!!
  • Selective Service Act 1917- (draft) Although
    many men volunteered to serve in the war, there
    was still a shortage. In response, the government
    created a conscription (forced military service)
    system that required all men from 21-30 to
    register for the draft. A lottery would then
    select the draftees. Approximately 2.8 million
    men were drafted for WWI.
  • War Industries Board (WIB)- A government agency
    set up to coordinate the production of war
    materials. It controlled the flow of war
    materials, ordered the construction of new
    factories important for war supplies, and
    occasionally set prices.
  • National War Labor Board- made sure that disputes
    between workers and bosses did not disrupt war
    production.
  • Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds to pay for the
    war. The US needed money to pay for the soldiers,
    the factories, and the materials. They used a
    bond system Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds.
    Americans would buy the bond, like a mini-loan to
    the US government, and would be able to redeem it
    later for more than it was worth.
  • Fuel Administration- to conserve energy, such as
    coal and oil, for the war.
  • Daylight savings, shortening hours of factories
    that made non-essentials, Heatless Mondays.
  • Food Administration- to conserve food for
    soldiers.
  • Victory Gardens, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless
    Wednesdays, etc.

15
U.S. HOME FRONT SELLING WAR
  • The Committee on Public Information was
    responsible for selling the war to Americans.
    Their job was to create propaganda (music,
    movies, artists) to sway public opinion in
    support of the war.
  • PUNISHING OPPOSITION TO THE WAR SILENCING ANY
    CRITICISM
  • Espionage Act established penalties and prison
    term for anyone who gave aid to the enemy. The
    act also penalized disloyalty.
  • Sedition Act made illegal any public expression
    in opposition of the war. In practice, it made
    illegal any criticism of the president and
    government.
  • These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court when
    they argued that government could limit free
    speech if speech presented a clear and present
    danger.
  • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of limiting free
    speech in the case of Schenck v. the US. You
    cant yell fire in a crowed theatre, it puts
    people in danger. Therefore, you cant speak out
    against the war, it puts America, and our
    soldiers, in danger of losing the war.

16
Minority Roles during WWI
  • Women on the home front - for the first time
    women served in the armed forces, but in
    non-combat positions nurses and
    secretaries/clerical work, mostly.
  • Once men came back after the war, however, female
    employment dropped once again. Women generally
    went back to their domestic roles at home,
    cooking and cleaning.
  • NOTE This is in contrast to WWII, where many
    women kept their jobs after the war.
  • African Americans in the military- about 400,000
    blacks were drafted. Only about 42,000 served in
    combat.
  • Units were racially segregated and black soldier
    were always placed under white officers.
  • Both women African Americans served separately
    from white male soldiers.
  • African Americans on the home front- With so many
    job openings at home during the war, African
    Americans were able to obtain jobs they had never
    had the opportunity to obtain before.
  • The job opportunities in industrial jobs up north
    led to a mass migration, or the great migration
    of African Americans from the south to northern
    cities.

17
Fighting the War
  • The first airplanes and tanks were used in this
    war.
  • The Germans used poison gas, causing the allies
    to invent gas masks
  • The first rapid-fire machine gun
  • Fought with trench warfare

18
Wilsons Fourteen Points The League of Nations
  • Wilsons plan to bring justice to all peoples and
    nationalities The Fourteenth Point created a
    general association of nations, called for the
    establishment of the League of Nations, a
    peacekeeping international organization meant to
    help preserve peace and prevent future wars by
    pledging to respect and protect each others
    territory and political independence. Wilsons
    Fourteen Points was criticized by the Allied
    governments, as well as our own government, as
    too lenient toward Germany. It was never fully
    adopted by the Allied governments, who wanted to
    punish Germany severely for WWI.
  • THE US SENATE REJECTS WILSONS FOURTEENTH POINT,
    THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
  • The fourteenth point of Wilsons Fourteen Points,
    created a general association of nations, called
    the League of Nations, to help preserve peace and
    prevent future wars by pledging to respect and
    protect each others territory and political
    independence.
  • In opposition of Wilson, The U.S. Senate rejected
    the League of Nations
  • The Senate was worried that the Treaty of
    Versailles, specifically the League of Nations,
    would eliminate the right of the US to go to war
    when it deemed it necessary, not when the League
    did.
  • In short, the Senate worried that the League
    would interfere with Americas ability to act
    independently in world affairs, which would then
    force an entangling alliance with Europeans and
    all of their affairs.
  • The League of Nations was formed in Europe the
    U.S. stayed did not join (despite it being
    Wilsons idea!).

19
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
  • Despite Wilsons warnings, the Allied governments
    decided to make the Germans sign a harsh treaty.
    Establishment of The League of Nations, one of
    the only parts the Allied governments Wilson
    agreed about, was adopted into the treaty
    (armistice- ceasefire or surrender).
  • The Treaty of Versailles (for Germany)
  • Stripped Germany of its Armed Forces and prevent
    them from establishing a new one in the future.
  • Made Germany pay 33 billions in war reparations
    to the Allies (the sum was far beyond what
    Germany could afford and later put them into a
    depression).
  • Required Germany to admit guilt for the outbreak
    of the war and devastation caused (made Germans
    resent Allied powers for many years to come).
  • The long term effects of the Treaty of Versailles
    will not be seen until the late 1920s.
  • It made reparations too high for the Germans-
    they werent able to pay them. Which means that
    France and Britain werent able to pay the US
    back for wartime loans. (On top of this, the US
    foolishly raised tariffs in the 1920s, which
    further reduced the financial ability of European
    countries to pay back loans or make moneyThis is
    a major reason that the Great Depression
    happened.)
  • The Treaty of Versailles left many Germans bitter
    and poor- in short, perfectly primed to accept a
    Fascist dictator.

20
Preventing future World Wars
  • THE WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE
  • The world's popular mood was peace and
    disarmament throughout the 1920s.
  • At the end of the Great War( WWI), the Americans
    and Japanese were rapidly building expensive new
    warships in competition with one another.
  • Observers (concerned countries and allies of both
    Japan and the USA) increasingly pointed to the
    American-Japanese rivalry for control of the
    Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world
    peace.
  • To stop a needless, expensive and possibly
    dangerous arms and naval race, the major
    countries signed a series of naval disarmament
    agreements at The Washington Naval Conference,
    which led to an effective end to building new
    battleship fleets (and those few ships that were
    built were limited in size and armament).
  • The Treaties made during the Washington
    Conference the Four Power, Five Power, Nine
    Power treaties all dealt with keeping peace in
    the Pacific Ocean.
  • KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT
  • The 1928 Pact renounced the use of war and called
    for the peaceful settlement of disputes. It was
    an agreement by all countries who signed it to
    avoid any aggressive conflicts and/or military
    action it essentially (though not very
    realistically), outlawed war.

21
US Attitude 1920s (The Roaring Twenties)
  • America returned to Normalcy (normal times,
    unlike WWI) after the horrors of WWI and the
    social changes of the Progressive Era.
  • This meant that the US adopted a policy of
    Isolation in foreign policy and laissez-faire in
    domestic economic policies.
  • Generally, the economy prospered during the early
    and mid 1920s.
  • Socially, a return to American values was
    desired by American fundamentalists, or those
    that advocated a return to Christian values. But
    many people were disillusioned by WW1 and had
    money from the war-gt new morality
  • Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) biology teacher
    Scopes taught evolution in schools rather than
    creationism, which went against Tennessees
    Butler Act law that made it illegal to teach
    evolutionism in a state-funded school
  • A more powerful movement calling for the band of
    alcohol also gained significance and by 1919,
    Prohibition, or the ban of alcohol, was enacted
    with the 18th amendment (carried out by the
    Volstead act). The 21st Amendment repealed
    Prohibition.
  • All of this did not stop a new rebellious young
    culture from emerging though!
  • A New Morality also arose at this time (e.g.
    flappers rebellious short-haired women, womens
    voting rights, working opportunities not stay at
    home cooking!, living a free single life,
    driving around in cars, dancing to ragtime,
    listening to Jazz and Blues)

22
US Attitude 1920s (The Roaring Twenties)
  • They were called the roaring twenties because
    of the economic boom that occurred as a result of
    return to Laissez-faire and normalcy. Industry
    boomed, thanks to mass production. Since people
    had money, they bought stuff. A lot of stuff. If
    they didnt have the money right then, they
    bought on credit or used the installment plan
    (think layaway at Walmart).
  • People bought too much though, and soon the
    entire economy would collapse because of
    overproduction and consumerism.
  • Due to the conservative backlash of the 1920s
    (red scare, return to laissez-faire and normalcy)
    the KKK experienced a resurgence at the time. It
    was huge! It was able to earn this popularity due
    to one of the first uses of modern marketing! The
    KKK hired professional advertisers and marketers,
    an example of how consumerist the 1920s had
    become.
  • However, because of scandals within the
    organization, it declined in popularity.
  • A few Floridians became quite popular in the
    1920s- both female writers, one black Zora Neale
    Hurston, who told folk stories in authentic
    voices and one white Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings,
    who wrote about the struggle of life in the wilds
    of florida (the Yearling).

23
US Isolation
  • After WWI, most Americans wanted to avoid future
    wars by avoiding involvement in European affairs.
  • In foreign policy, the US wanted isolation- to be
    left alone and to leave others alone. This
    attitude is illustrated in multiple ways
  • The US refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles,
    it did not want to be roped into other countries
    problems
  • High tariffs. The US used the tariffs as economic
    walls, blocking it off from other countries,
    hoping that the tariffs would help expand
    American industry and the American economy.
  • Increased nativism against immigration,
    especially from Southern/Eastern Europe.
  • Ex Emergency Quota Act National Origins Act of
    1924 -immigration is getting more restrictive
    post-WWI
  • Sacco Vanzetti Case Italian immigrants
    radicals arrested for robbery/murder sentenced
    to death executed 1927 represented strong
    nativism fear of anarchists/Red Scare of the
    1920s

24
Effect of US isolation on Europe
  • IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO NOTE- the high tariffs
    passed by the US interfered with the ability of
    countries like Ger, GB Fr to make enough to
    pay back their war debtsThe tariffs essentially
    caused a stoppage of internationally circulating
    money-a cause of the Great Depression.
  • AN EXCEPTION TO US ECONOMIC ISOLATION
  • Dawes Plan- because many of the Eur. countries,
    including Ger., were having trouble repaying
    their war reparations (as agreed upon in the
    Treaty of Versailles) the US began an economic
    aid program to provide short term economic
    benefits to the Ger. eco. It softened the burdens
    of war reparations, stabilized the currency, and
    brought increased foreign investments and loans
    to the Ger. market.
  • However, it made the Ger. Eco. dependent on
    foreign markets and economies, and therefore
    problems with the U.S. economy (e.g. the Great
    Depression) would later severely hurt Ger. as
    well.
  • LOOKING AHEAD TO THE RISE OF HITLER
  • The fact that the Great Depression was SO bad in
    Ger. was a reason that Hitler was able to rise to
    power-people were desperate and his message was
    hopeful to Ger.

25
1920s US Domestic Economy
  • Generally, the US enjoyed economic prosperity
    during the 1920s.
  • Laissez-Faire- Let them do. In other words, the
    US government had as few restrictions on
    industry.
  • In combination with the creation of the Assembly
    Line (new more efficient ways of producing goods
    faster and cheaper than ever before) and the
    resulting Mass Production that came out of it,
    the US was able to create a situation where jobs
    were plentiful, wages were fairly high (because
    manufacturers could afford to pay them), and
    prices were low.
  • Henry Fords assembly line process for making
    cars increased production/efficiency by dividing
    the job into simple tasks.
  • This created the ultimate consumer culture-
    Americans had money, or credit and installment
    plans, and they wanted a lot of things and ended
    up spending (or borrowing) a lot.
  • Unions declined during the 1920s in part because
    many corporations instituted welfare capitalism.

26
Harlem Renaissance
  • African Americans had moved from the south to the
    north in large numbers during WWI due to the
    number of jobs made available by the war (the
    first mass migration). They settled in
    concentrated numbers in large cities like New
    York (Harlem) and Chicago.
  • This conglomeration of people brought their art,
    music, and dance styles from black culture and
    from it emerged the Harlem Renaissance- was an
    artistic and cultural movement (including music,
    poetry, art, literature, etc.) of the 1920s that
    originated out of urban Harlem.
  • WRITERS
  • Langston Hughes
  • Zora Neale Hurston
  • Claude McKay
  • Jean Toomer
  • INTELLECTUALS
  • Alan LeRoy Locke
  • W. E. B. DuBois
  • Marcus Garvey

27
Booker T. Washington WEB Du Bois
  • The two most notable African American activists
    in the 1920s were Booker T. Washington and WEB Du
    Bois.
  • Booker T. Washington believed that
    African-Americans needed to concentrate on
    attaining education and financial prosperity
    before demanding political rights.
  • WEB Du Bois (who founded the NAACP) demanded an
    immediate protection and equality of
    African-Americans through political means.
  • One thing they both agreed on, however, was the
    need for the African-American community to
    produce great black leaders.
  • Another notable black rights figure is Marcus
    Garvey- believing true justice would never be
    obtained in America, he advocated a
    Back-to-Africa movement, in which called upon
    blacks to return to the land they were taken
    from rather than having to put up with
    discrimination persecution in the US.

28
Causes of the Great Depression
  • The effects of the Great Depression were felt
    across the world. Not only did it lead to the New
    Deal in America but more significantly, it was a
    direct cause of the rise of extremism in Germany
    leading to World War II.
  • 1. Stock Market Crash of 1929
  • Leading up to the stock market crash of 1929,
    there had a been a long bull market, or market
    where stocks are on the rise. In October 1929,
    the stock marketed plummeted and overconfident
    and heavily invested stockholders lost tens of
    billions of dollars. The stock prices fell
    because investors began to sell their stock.
    People were buying their stock on margin, putting
    them in the hole to brokers as well
  • 2. Overproduction
  • American businesses earned record profits after
    WWI and during the 1920s American businesses
    then reinvested much of these profits into
    expanding their business. The problem was, that
    at that time, the tariff was raised to 60 what
    this meant was that trade with other countries
    decreased, as did, in retaliation, their tariff
    rates. LESS TRADE NO ONE TO SELL AMERICAN
    PRODUCTS TO SURPLUS/OVERPRODUCTION. With so
    many business now unable to rely on international
    trade, they were not able to pay back many of the
    loans they had borrowed from banks for production
    costs.
  • 3.Bank Failures
  • Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed.
    Bank deposits were uninsured and, thus, as banks
    failed, people lost their savings. Surviving
    banks, unsure of the economic situation and
    concerned for their own survival, stopped being
    as willing to give out new loans. The Federal
    Reserve contributed to the Depression by lowering
    loan rates. This provided incentives for large
    loans to be taken out and these were often spent
    on risky investments speculation.
  • 4. Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board
  • With the stock market crash and widespread bank
    failure, people stopped purchasing items. This
    then led to a reduction in the number of items
    produced and thus a reduction in the workforce.
    The unemployment rate rose above 25 which meant,
    of course, even less spending to help alleviate
    the economic situation. ALSO HIGH TARIFFS
    REDUCED WORLD TRADE.
  • 5. Drought Conditions
  • While not a direct cause of the Great Depression,
    the drought that occurred in the Mississippi
    Valley in 1930 was of such proportions that many
    farmer could not even pay their taxes or other
    debts and had to sell their farms for no profit
    because the soil had dried up. The dried up
    region of the Mississippi Valley was nicknamed
    "The Dust Bowl. ? Many headed West (Grapes of
    Wrath)

29
Hoovers Response to the Great Depression
  • HOOVERS IDEOLOGY
  • Hoover was a strong laissez-faire advocate he
    believed in a balanced budget and not pumping
    government money into the economy, which he
    thought would lead to inflation.
  • Hoover opposed direct federal government relief
    because he though only the state/city governments
    should be responsible for that.
  • He believed in "rugged individualism," which
    relies on the individual, the churches and
    private charities, and the local and state
    governments to handle most of the economic help
    that was needed. While not believing in
    government assistance, Hoover did try and give
    much of his personal money to charity and
    encouraged Americans to do the same.
  • HOOVERS RESPONSE TO THE DEPRESSION
  • During Hoovers Administration (despite Hoovers
    personally beliefs about government intervention
    in the economy) the government spent 1.5 billion
    a year on public works and relief in the
    following ways (1) road, public-building, and
    airport-construction projects, (2) increasing the
    countrys credit facilities, strengthening
    the banking system. (3) direct relief, 300
    million, to the states for relief.
  • Congress during the Hoover presidency, most
    significantly, established the Reconstruction
    Finance Corporation, or RFC, which created an
    agency to help banks, railroads, and other key
    businesses to stay in business thus helping the
    economy.
  • All of these things, however, could not stem the
    tide of the economic collapse.

30
Hoovervilles and Bonus Army
  • In appreciation of WWI veterans, the US
    government promised returning veterans a 1000
    bonus to be given to them in the year 1945.
  • By 1931, though, many veterans were feeling the
    effects of the depression and demanded their
    1000 bonus be given to them immediately and not
    have to wait until 1945.
  • Thousands of veterans, known as the bonus army
    or bonus marchers, marched to Washington DC,
    where they camped in Hoovervilles (a term
    generally used for the slums, or shantytowns
    shacks for which Hoover was blamed for during
    the Great Depression).
  • President Hoover ordered troops to break up the
    Hooverville gunshots and fires went off, two
    veterans were killed in the chaos. The scene
    received nationwide press coverage and showed
    newsreel images of veterans being assaulted by
    the presidents troops.
  • This event made the already unpopular President
    look like a villain. Public opinion of Hoover
    dropped significantly.

31
FDR Keynesianism
  • FDRs political ideology Keynesianism ALL ABOUT
    GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY
  • Keynesianism argues that that the solution to
    the Great Depression was to stimulate the economy
    through some combination of two approaches
  • 1. A reduction in interest rates (by reducing the
    interest rate at which the central bank lends
    money to commercial banks, the government sends a
    signal to commercial banks that they should do
    the same for their customers.
  • 2. Government investment in infrastructure
    (investment by government in infrastructure
    injects income into the economy by creating
    business opportunity and employment).

32
FDR THE NEW DEAL
  • To fight the Depression, Roosevelt believed that
    the 1st thing that had to be done was restore
    public confidence in the banks (FDR continued
    with bank holidays and his fireside chats). And,
    the Securities Exchange Commission was created
    to regulate the stock market. Relief efforts were
    even focused on artists with the Federal Number
    One program employing people in the Arts.
  • The New Deal was a series of economic programs
    enacted in the United States between 1933 and
    1945.
  • The programs were in response to the Great
    Depression and focused on the 3 Rs Relief,
    Recovery, and Reform.
  • That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor
    Recovery of the economy to normal levels and
    Reform of the financial system to prevent a
    repeat depression.

33
New Deal Programs (Yes, you must learn all of
them!)
34
What Ended the Great Depression?
  • Although The New Deal may have helped alleviate
    much of the effects of the Great Depression, most
    economists and historians do not credit the New
    Deal with having necessarily ended it.
  • Most economists and historians argue that it was
    World War II that was really responsible for the
    change in the economy and the end of the
    depression.
  • While America remained isolationist during the
    war, the allied countries at war needed supplies
    and looked to America to make them.
  • After Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,
    1941, America entered the war., which meant that
    by then the U.S. enlisted more than 10 million
    men and women into the military. With so many
    fighting abroad in the war, jobs were left for
    those at home to work in the factories to make
    supplies for the war effort.
  • The desperate need for soldiers, pilots, and
    workers to make, quickly and in mass numbers,
    ammunition, weaponry, and air/sea craft all
    contributed to the end of the Great Depression.
  • During the war more than 12 million Americans
    were sent into the military, and a similar number
    were created in defense-related jobs. Those war
    jobs (domestic and military) seemingly took care
    of the 17 million unemployed in 1939. 
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