PY 101 General Psychology

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PY 101General Psychology

• James M. Kuterbach, MA
• July 27, 2006

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Overview

• Learning
• Memory
• Thinking

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Learning

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Learning by Observation

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Learning

• Learning a relatively permanent change in an
  organisms behavior die to experience

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning also called Pavlovian
  Conditioning
• Watson Pavlov
• Basis behind habits and phobias
• Unconditioned and Conditioned Stimuli

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Classical Conditioning

• Learning by Association
• Associative Learning learning that certain
  events occur together
• Learning is a passive participant

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Food Salivation
• Unconditioned Stimulus
  Unconditional Response

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Food Salivation
• Bell
• Unconditioned Stimulus
  Unconditional Response
• Conditioned Stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Bell Salivation
• Conditioned Stimulus
  Conditional Response

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Load Noise Startle
  Response Fear
• Unconditioned Stimulus
  Unconditional Response

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Load Noise Startle
  Response
  Fear
• Fuzzy Animal
• Unconditioned Stimulus
  Unconditional Response
• Conditioned Stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Fuzzy Animal Startle
  Response
  Fear
• Conditioned Stimulus
  Conditional Response

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Classical Conditioning

• Extinction the diminishing of a conditioned
  response
• Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance of an
  extinguished response, after a rest period
• Generalization tendency for similar stimuli to
  elicit a conditioned response

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Operant Conditioning

• Thorndike Skinner
• Based on the Law of Effect
• Rewarded behavior is likely to recur
• Basis of most direct learning
• Learner must be an active participant

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Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcements Punishments
• Reinforcements Anything that increases the
  likelihood of a behavior reoccurring
• Punishment Anything that decreases the
  likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

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Operant Conditioning

• Positive Reinforcement giving a desired
  stimulus to increase a behavior
• Negative Reinforcement removing an adverse
  stimulus to increase a behavior

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Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement Schedules
• Fixed-ratio schedule
• Variable-ratio schedule
• Fixed-interval schedule
• Variable-interval schedule

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Operant Conditioning

• Punishments that work
• Time out
• Time out from positive reinforcement
• Remove the person from whatever is reinforcing
  their behavior
• Overcorrection

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Operant Conditioning

• Shaping procedure that guides a subject to the
  eventual desired behavior by reinforcing
  successive approximations
• Chaining creating a new behavior by putting
  together a series of known behaviors

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Learning By Observation

• Bandura Social Learning Theory
• Also called Observational Learning
• May be responsible for most learning
• Learner is active in learning

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Learning By Observation

• Learning occurs by observing others being
  reinforced or punished
• Modeling
• The best models are those that are most like the
  learner

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Memory

• Memory the persistence of learning over time,
  through the storage and retrieval of information
• Information Processing System
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

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Memory

• Short-term Memory
• Chunking
• Long-term Memory
• Mnemonics

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Thinking

• Cognition mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
• Hueristic simple thinking strategy that often
  allows us to make judgments and solve problems
  efficiently

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Thinking

• Obstacles to Problem Solving
• Confirmation Bias
• Fixation
• Mental Set
• Functional Fixedness
• Representative Heuristic
• Availability Heuristic