Elbow, Forearm, Wrist and Hand

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Elbow, Forearm, Wrist and Hand
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Elbow

• Bones
• Humerus only bone of the arm
• Landmarks medial and lateral epicondyles,
  olecranon fossa, capitulum (articulation with the
  radius), trochlea (articulation with the ulna)

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• Ulna bone on the pinkie (medial) side of forearm
• Landmarks olecranon process, radial notch
• Radius bone on the thumb (lateral) side of
  forearm
• Landmarks radial head

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• Ligaments
• Ulnar collateral prevents valgus force (think of
  it as MCL of knee)
• Radial collateral prevents varus force (think of
  it as LCL of knee)
• Annular ligament circular ligament encompassing
  the radius, allows for rotation of radius while
  holding it securely to the ulna

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• Bursae
• Bicipital bursa anterior aspect of elbow,
  cushions the bicep
• Olecranon bursa posterior aspect of elbow,
  cushions between olecranon process and the skin

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• Muscles
• Elbow flexion
• Brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii
• Elbow extension
• Triceps brachii

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• Nerves
• Ulnar nerve passes posterior to the medial
  epicondyle hitting your funny bone

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• Joint Mechanics
• Elbow hinge joint between ulna and humerus
• Allows for flexion and extension
• Joint between ulna and radius (radio-ulnar)
• Allows for pronation and supination of the forearm

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Forearm

• Bones Radius and ulna held together by
  interosseus membrane
• Landmarks radial and ulnar styloid processes

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• Radioulnar joint
• Proximal allows for pronation and supination
• Distal connects the radius and ulna at the wrist

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Muscles

• Anterior (flexors)
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor pollicus longus
• Pronator teres
• flexor tendons originate on the medial
  epicondyle of the humerus

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Muscles cont.

• Posterior (extensors)
• Extensor digitorum communis
• Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor pollicus longus
• extensors origiante on the lateral epicondyle
  of the humerus

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Wrist and Hand

• Basic Anatomy
• Bones
• Distal radius and ulna (styloid process)
• Carpals 8 bones of wrist
• Scapoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
  trapezoid, capitate, hamate
• Metacarpals 5 bones of hand
• Phalanges 14 bones of fingers

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• Carpal tunnel tunnel formed by carpal bones and
  closed off by the transverse carpal ligament.
  Nerves, blood vessels and muscles pass through
  this tunnel.
• Wrist joint joint between distal radius and ulna
  and the carpal bones
• Movements flexion, extension, radial and ulnar
  deviation

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Joints of Fingers and Hand

• Carpometacarpal joint (CM)
• Metacarpo-phalangeal (MP)
• Interphalangeal (IP)
• Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP)
• Distal Interphalangeal (DIP)

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Ligaments of Wrist

• Ulnar collateral from styloid process of wrist
  to triquetrum
• Radial collateral from styloid process of radius
  to scaphoid
• Transverse carpal ligament closes off carpal
  tunnel

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Muscles and Tendons

• The extrinsic muslces and tendons of the hand and
  fingers originate in the forearm. See the
  muscles listed for the forearm
• Muscles of the thumb
• Extensor pollicus longus
• Extensor pollicus brevis
• Abductor pollicus longus
• Flexor pollicus brevis