TOPIC: Locomotion

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• TOPIC Locomotion
• Aim Explain the structure and functions of the 3
  types of muscles.
• Do Now Take out the Reflex Arc ISA
• HW Castle Learning Nervous and Endocrine Systems
  due Tuesday!

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• 1. What kind of response is a reflex?
• It is a fast automatic response to a stimulus
  without involving the brain.
• 2. Identify the structures involved in a reflex
  arc.
• Receptor
• Sensory neuron
• Interneuron
• Motor neuron
• Effector

(Interneuron)
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• 3. Why does the impulse NOT travel to the brain
  during a reflex?
• The response would occur at a much faster rate.
• 4. Which divisions of the nervous system are
  involved in a reflex?
• CNS and PNS

CNS
(Interneuron)
PNS
PNS
PNS
PNS
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Identify all glands labeled in the diagram.
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
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Identify the purple structures in the diagram.
Explain their function.
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• Did you know.
• You have over 30 facial muscles which create
  looks like surprise, happiness, sadness, and
  frowning.
• Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.
  Scientists estimate they may move more than
  100,000 times a day!
• The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus
  maximus muscle in the buttocks.

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Identify the three types of muscles.

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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What are muscle fibers able to do?

• They can CONTRACT (shorten)

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Skeletal Muscle

• Attached to bones

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• Voluntary

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• Striated (striped)

Identify the two proteins that create the
striated appearance.
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• A cramp is defined as an involuntary, forcibly
  contracted muscle that does not relax. The pain
  can be abrupt and intense with visible hardening
  or a knot when its contracted.

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• The most common sites of muscle cramps seem to be
  the calf, thigh and arch of the foot. There are
  different theories on the cause of muscle cramps,
  but the exact reason why a cramp develops is
  uncertain. It is generally agreed that an over
  firing of the nerves that stimulate the muscles
  are the primary cause of true cramps.

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• Factors that may lead to muscle cramping include
  muscle fatigue, lack of flexibility, exercising
  in the heat and imbalances of the electrolytes in
  the blood. A diet lacking in minerals such as
  potassium, calcium and magnesium also may
  contribute to spasms and cramps. Vigorous
  exercise and repetitive movements can result in
  cramping during the activity or even much later.
  An injury or sudden blunt trauma to the muscle,
  such as getting hit with a baseball, can cause a
  persistent muscle spasm. Holding a position for a
  prolonged time can cause muscle fatigue and
  cramping. Muscle cramps may occur at rest or
  during the night when the muscle is shortened by
  sleeping in an awkward position. Simply lying
  with the toe pointed downward can cause
  shortening of and a cramp in the calf muscle

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• Pectoralis muscles - found on each side of your
  upper chest

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• Rectus abdominus muscles (abdominals) found on
  each side of your upper chest

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• Biceps muscle in your arm

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• Quadriceps (quads) on the front of your thighs

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• Gluteus maximus muscle that's under the skin
  and fat in your behind

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Smooth Muscle

• Inside some organs
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Trachea
• Blood vessels

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• Involuntary

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• Non-striated (no stripes)
• Not as long as skeletal muscles

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Cardiac Muscle

• ONLY in the HEART
• Involuntary

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• Striated
• Branched shape

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What supplies energy for muscle contraction?

• Glucose is used to make ATP

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Glucose
Oxygen


Energy
Carbon Dioxide
Water
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Identify what controls muscle contraction.

• Nervous system

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1. Identify substance A. Support your answer.
2. Which part of the neuron release substance A?
3. What does substance A attach to on the next
   neuron?

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• Nervous System Review
• What is the difference between a receptor and an
  effector?
• What is an example of a receptor? An effector?
• What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
• Which division is made up of the brain and spinal
  cord?
• Which division is made up of all the nerves that
  extend from the spinal cord?

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• Lets summarize
• Identify the 3 types of muscles.
• Describe where each type of muscle is located.
• Describe whether each type of muscle is
  involuntary or involuntary.
• Describe whether each type of muscle is striated
  or non-striated.

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• Review Identify the muscle being described.
• Involuntary
• Striated
• Found in the heart
• Lines internal organs
• Voluntary
• Branched fibers
• Attached to bones

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MUSCLES TYPES
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A
B
C
D
E
F
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