Essential Questions:

1

• Essential Questions
• What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th
  16th centuries that allowed for overseas
  colonization?
• How did European exploration in America impact
  native peoples?
• What are the similarities differences among the
  Spanish, French, British patterns of
  colonization in America?

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America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans
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(No Transcript)
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture
Areas in the 1600s
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The Old World Explores The New World
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Europe in the Middle Ages

• Why was it often called the Dark Ages?
• Limited Exchange of Ideas
• Curiosity and New Learning De-emphasized
• Superstition Predominated
• Travel Limited
• When did this change?
• The Crusades

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Europe in the Middle Ages

• What effect did the Crusades have on Europe?
• Interest in the products of the Middle East
• and the Far East
• Cheaper ways of getting these products
• TRANSPORTATION Water vs. Land

• What products?
• Gold/Silver/Jewels
• Silk
• Spices

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Voyages of European Exploration
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The Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spain versus Portugal

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Why did the Age of Exploration Occur?

• What was the motivation of the individual
  explorer, conquistador, monarch?
• Materialism, personal wealth
• Glory, personal fame
• Religion, conversion of the heathens
• Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of
  the nation
• Scientific Curiosity

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The Columbian Exchange
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How did the European Colonization affect Native
Culture?

• New Products
• Especially Cutting tools, metal
• Loss of Land
• Loss of Liberty
• Diminishing of Culture
• Language
• Customs
• Religion

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How did the European Colonization affect Native
Culture?

• Diminishing of Numbers
• Extinction
• Example - Taino
• 90 death rate
• War
• Disease
• Small Pox
• Whooping Cough
• Measles
• Chicken Pox, etc.

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How did Native American Culture affect Old World
civilizations?

• Money
• Three times the gold and silver in Europe
• Inflation
• More money in more hands
• More People wanting more goods
• More People making more goods
• Industrial Revolution

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How did Native American Culture affect Old World
civilizations?

• Food
• Corn
• Tomatoes
• Peppers
• Chocolate
• Pineapples
• Sweet Potatoes
• Potatoes
• Health, Nutrition
• Economic

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How did Native American Culture affect Old World
civilizations?

• Medicine
• Vitamins
• Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry
• Cocaine and derivatives
• Muscle relaxants for Lockjaw and Muscle spasms
• Curare
• Expectorants for cold remedies
• Guafenisen
• Poison treatment
• Ipecac
• Malaria
• Fever Bark - Quinine
• Analgesics
• Aspirin

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How did Native American Culture affect Old World
civilizations?

• Recreation
• Lacrosse
• Tobacco
• Chocolate
• Government
• Iroquois Confederacy
• Federalism in the US Constitution

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The Spanish Colonies in America
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A World Transformed

• Native Americans were eager for European trade
  they were not initially victims of Spanish
  exploration
• They became dependent on and indebted to
  Europeans
• Disease decimated perhaps 95 of Native American
  population

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Spanish Conquests Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create
large cash crop plantations using Native American
African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on
converting Native Americans establishing
missions
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From Plunder to Settlement

• By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the
  New World
• Mostly unmarried males came to New World
  intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos
  mulattos
• Distinguished between social classes
  peninsulares creoles
• The Spanish government operated strict control
  over the colonies

Whites from Spain
Whites born in America
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Spanish Empire

• Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain
  to become the most powerful empire in the world
  during the 16th Century
• We came here to serve God and King and to get
  rich
• Not only disease, but civil wars and religious
  superstitions also allowed the Europeans, namely
  the Spanish, to conquer the Native Americans (who
  GREATLY outnumbered the explorers)
• The advanced technology of the Europeans offered
  an incredible advantage in combat
• Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and
  arrows
• Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs,
  cattle, and goats (foodstuffs) played a very
  important role in conquest

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Spanish-American Culture

• The Spanish conquerors would establish the
  encomienda system
• Encomienda a system of villages granted to a
  privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat
• Was responsible for providing for Spanish
  missionaries and contributing wealth to the
  empire
• Extreme class discrepancy at one end were the
  wealthy conquistadores and at the other the
  impoverished natives

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The Spread of Catholicism

• Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the
  Americas in the wake of the conquistadors
  victories
• The Natives were viewed as pagans and the
  Catholic religion was in turn imposed upon the
  people
• The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of
  God upon the pagans and justified the actions of
  the god-fearing Spanish
• A few missionaries would become the only
  advocates that the Natives had among the
  Europeans
• Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the
  Destruction of the Indies
• Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomé de Las Casas

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Spanish Exploration of the US

• Spain would never develop successful settlements
  (in terms of trade and power) in US territory ?
  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and
  silver instead of developing centers of trade
• Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida
• Hernando de Soto explored the Southeast US
• Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest US
• St. Augustine the oldest surviving settlement
  in the US, established in 1565 in Florida
• Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with
  some surviving today
• Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government
  in the US
• By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000
  Spanish in the New Mexico territory

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The Horse

• The introduction of the horse would forever
  transform the Native American cultures of the US
• Tribes such as those of the Great Plains
  converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic
  within a very short period of time after
  acquiring and breeding a significant horse
  population
• Following the buffalo herds became the focus of
  Native society

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The French Colonies in America
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The French Claim Canada

• In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec
  French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence
  River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
• The French government strictly controlled the
  colonies but made little effort to encourage
  settlement
• Because the fur trade was the basis of the
  colonial economy, Indians became valued trading
  partners (not exploitive like Spain)

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Like Spain, the French govt encouraged
converting Native Americans establishing
missions