Essential Networking Terminology

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Essential Networking Terminology
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Table of Contents

• Connection, Packet, Network Interface
• LAN, WAN
• Protocol
• Port, Firewall
• NAT, VPN

• TCP/IP Model
• Interfaces
• Medium Access Control
• IP, ICMP, TCP

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Connection, Packet, Network Interface

• Connection- In the context of networking, a
  connection indicates those pieces of related
  information which a network transfers. Prior to
  the transfer of data, a connection is built which
  exists till data transfer takes place.
• Packet- A packet carries data between two ends.
  It refers to the most basic unit of data that a
  network transfers. Each packet has a header
  portion. Information about the packet, such as
  source, destination, timestamps etc. is contained
  in this portion. The data that is being
  transferred is contained in the main portion,
  which is usually called the body.
• Network Interface- It refers to any type of
  software interface or networking hardware. It can
  be associated with a physical device or it can be
  a virtual interfaces representation.

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LAN, WAN

• LAN- LAN is the abbreviation for Local Area
  Network. It is either a network or a certain
  portion of a network which cannot be accessed
  publicly by the Internet. Its examples are the
  networks in houses and offices.
• WAN- WAN is the abbreviation for Wide Area
  Network, which in terms of a network is more
  extensive than a LAN. It usually refers to the
  Internet. Any interface that is connected to a
  WAN is assumed to be reachable through the
  Internet.

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Protocol

• A protocol refers to a collection of standards
  and rules which specifies the language that a
  device uses for communication. There are various
  protocols which are used in networking. These are
  usually implemented in different layers. Its
  examples are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol),
  UDP (User Datagram Protocol), ICMP (Internet
  Control Message Protocol) etc.

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Port, Firewall

• Port- A port is essentially an address that is
  associated with a single machine which can be
  linked to a specific piece of software. It does
  not indicate a physical interface or location. It
  enables a server to use more than one application
  for the purpose of communication.
• Firewall- A firewall refers to a program that
  functions by creating rules for different types
  of traffics acceptability on the relevant ports.
  It decides whether the incoming as well outgoing
  traffic to a server should be allowed or not.
  Usually a firewall blocks those ports that are
  not being used by a particular application on a
  server.

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NAT, VPN

• NAT- NAT is the abbreviation for Network Address
  Translation. It refers to the way that is
  involved in translating incoming requests to a
  routing server. Usually physical LANs implement
  it for routing requests via an IP address to the
  relevant backend servers.
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• VPN- VPN is the abbreviation for Virtual Private
  Network. It connects separate LANs over the
  Internet, while ensuring privacy. It is used for
  connecting remote systems, usually for security
  related reasons.

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TCP/IP Model

• The TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)/IP
  (Internet Protocol) model, which is known as the
  Internet Protocol suite refers to a layering
  model. It is not only simple but is widely used.
  This model has 4 layers and follows a horizontal
  approach. Session and presentation layers are
  used in the application layer in TCP/IP. This
  type of model network layer provides
  connectionless services. It is not easy to
  replace protocols in TCP/IP model.

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Interfaces

• Interfaces refer to the points that are
  associated with networking communication. Each
  interface has a virtual or a physical networking
  device. Usually a server has one configurable
  network interface for every wireless Internet
  card or Ethernet that is being used.
  Additionally, it specifies a virtual network
  interface, which is known as the localhost
  interface. This serves the purpose of connecting
  processes and applications on a computer to other
  processes and applications. Often one interface
  is configured by administrators to service
  traffic to the Internet and some other interface
  is configured for a private network or LAN.

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Medium Access Control

• Medium Access Control is a communications
  protocol which is used for differentiating
  specific devices. Every device should have a
  unique Media Access Control Address (MAC Address)
  which differentiates it from the other devices on
  the Internet. When devices are addressed using
  their MAC address, it lets a device be referenced
  uniquely, regardless of its name being changed by
  any software during operation.

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IP, ICMP, TCP

• IP- IP is the abbreviation for Internet Protocol
  and is one of the main protocols that ensures the
  functioning of the Internet. Its implementation
  takes place in the Internet layer of the IP/TCP
  model.
• ICMP- ICMP is the abbreviation for Internet
  Control Message Protocol and is used for
  exchanging messages among devices for indicating
  availability or error related conditions. ICMP
  packets are used in various network diagnostic
  tools and serve as a feedback mechanism with
  regard to network communications.
• TCP- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
  implemented in the transport layer of an IP/TCP
  model for establishing reliable connections.

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