Revision

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Revision
E-Technologies, Architectures, Tools and
Applications
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BASICS

• When beginning to learn about information
  technology it is important to understand the
  following
• Information
• IT resources
• IT cultures

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IT Industry Scanning

• Three common tools used in industry to analyze
  and develop competitive advantages include
• Porters Five Forces Model
• Porters three generic strategies
• Value chains

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Information

• Data - raw facts that describe the characteristic
  of an event
• Information - data converted into a meaningful
  and useful context

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ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT

• Information technology is a relatively new
  functional area, having only been around formally
  for around 40 years
• Recent IT strategic positions include
• Chief Information Officer (CIO)
• Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

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ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT

• Chief Information Officer (CIO) oversees all
  uses of IT and ensures the strategic alignment of
  IT with business goals and objectives
• Broad CIO functions include
• Manager ensuring the delivery of all IT
  projects, on time and within budget
• Leader ensuring the strategic vision of IT is
  in line with the strategic vision of the
  organization
• Communicator building and maintaining strong
  executive relationships

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IT Resources

• People use
• Information technology to work with
• Information

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IT Cultures Organizational information cultures
include

• Information-Functional Culture - Employees use
  information as a means of exercising influence or
  power over others. For example, a manager in
  sales refuses to share information with
  marketing. This causes marketing to need the
  sales managers input each time a new sales
  strategy is developed.
• Information-Sharing Culture - Employees across
  departments trust each other to use information
  (especially about problems and failures) to
  improve performance.
• Information-Inquiring Culture - Employees across
  departments search for information to better
  understand the future and align themselves with
  current trends and new directions.
• Information-Discovery Culture - Employees across
  departments are open to new insights about crisis
  and radical changes and seek ways to create
  competitive advantages.

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The Gap Between Business Personnel and IT
Personnel

• Business personnel possess expertise in
  functional areas such as marketing, accounting,
  and sales
• IT personnel have the technological expertise
• This typically causes a communications gap
  between the business personnel and IT personnel

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Procurement

• Maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO)
  materials (also called indirect materials)
  materials necessary for running an organization
  but do not relate to the companys primary
  business activities
• E-procurement - the B2B purchase and sale of
  supplies and services over the Internet
• Electronic catalog - presents customers with
  information about goods and services offered for
  sale, bid, or auction on the Internet

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E-Procurement

• E-Procurement is the B2B purchase and sale of
  supplies and services over the Internet. The goal
  of many e-Procurement applications is to link
  organizations directly to preapproved suppliers
  catalogs and to process the entire purchasing
  transaction online. Linking to electronic
  catalogs significantly reduces the need to check
  the timeliness and accuracy of supplier
  information.
• The electronic catalog can be a good example
  application of e-Procuremnt. An e-catalog
  presents customers with information about goods
  and services offered for sale, bid or auction on
  the Internet.

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SCM efficiency and effectiveness with four drivers

• The four primary drivers of supply chain
  management
• Facilities
• Inventory
• Transportation
• Information
• Organizations use these four drivers to support
  either a supply chain strategy focusing on
  efficiency or a supply chain strategy focusing on
  effectiveness

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SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

• Wal-Mart and Procter Gamble (PG) SCM

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Wal-Mart and PG implemented a tremendously
successful SCM System links Wal-Marts
distribution centers directly to PGs
manufacturing centers. Each time a Wal-Mart
customers purchases a PG product, the system
sends a message directly to PGs factory for a
reorder
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Four impede factors on Quality of Internet-based
applications

• 1) Limited capabilities of most Web browsers to
  support finely grained user interactivity.
• 2) Limited agreed-upon standards for encoding Web
  content and control mechanisms.
• 3) Lack of maturity of Web scripting and
  programming languages.
• 4) Limitations in commonly used Web GUI component
  libraries.

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IS Architecture for client/server systems

• The six possible approaches are
• 1)distributed presentation,
• 2)remote presentation,
• 3)remote data management,
• 4)distributed function,
• 5)distributed database,
• 6)distributed processing.

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Architectures for client/server systems

1. The distributed presentation form of the
   client/server architecture is used to freshen up
   the delivery of existing server-based
   applications to distributed clients. Often the
   server is a mainframe, and the existing mainframe
   code is not changed.
2. The remote presentation style of client/server
   architecture places all data presentation
   functions on the client machine, so that software
   on the client has total responsibility for
   formatting data.
3. The remote data management form of client/server
   architecture places all software on the client
   except for the data management functions.
4. The distributed function client/server
   architecture splits analysis functions between
   the client and server, leaving all presentation
   on the client and all data management on the
   server.
5. The distributed database client/server
   architecture places all functionality on the
   client, except data storage and management, which
   are divided between client and server.
6. The distributed processing client/server
   architecture combines the best features of
   distributed function and distributed database by
   splitting both of these across client and server,
   with presentation functions under the exclusive
   responsibility of the client machine.

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Three components of Enterprise Architecture of
Information system

• 1)Information architecture identifies where and
  how important information, like customer records,
  is maintained and secured.
• 2)Infrastructure architecture includes the
  hardware, software, and telecommunications
  equipment that, when combined, provide the
  underlying foundation to support the
  organizations goals.
• 3)Application architecture determines how
  applications integrate and relate to each other.

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INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE

• Five primary characteristics of a solid
  infrastructure architecture
• Flexibility
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Availability
• Performance

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Backup and Recovery

• Backup - an exact copy of a systems information
• Recovery - the ability to get a system up and
  running in the event of a system crash or failure
  and includes restoring the information backup
• Fault tolerance
• Failover

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Disaster Recovery plan

• Disaster recovery best practices include
• Mind the enterprise architectures
• Monitor the quality of computer networks that
  provide data on power suppliers and demand
• Make sure the networks can be restored quickly in
  the case of downtime
• Set up disaster recovery detail steps
• Provide adequate staff training, including verbal
  communication protocols so that operators are
  aware of any IT-related problems

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Disaster Recovery

• Disaster recovery plan - a detailed process for
  recovering information or an IT system in the
  event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire
  or flood
• Disaster recovery cost curve - charts (1) the
  cost to the organization of the unavailability of
  information and technology and (2) the cost to
  the organization of recovering from a disaster
  over time
• Hot site
• Cold site

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Disaster Recovery Cost Curve
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Three-tiered client/server architecture

• (1) applications can be partitioned in a way that
  best fits the organizations computing needs
• (2) making global changes or customizing
  processes for individual users is relatively easy
• (3) as data analysis and data presentation are
  separate, either can be changed independently
  without affecting the other.

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INTEGRATING DATA AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

• Integration allows separate systems to
  communicate directly with each other
• Forward integration takes information entered
  into a given system and sends it automatically to
  all downstream systems and processes
• Backward integration takes information entered
  into a given system and sends it automatically to
  all upstream systems and processes

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INTEGRATING DATA AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

• forward and backward integrations that link
  processes in the value chain. A forward
  integration takes information entered into a
  given system and sends it automatically to all
  downstream systems and processes.
• A backward integration takes information entered
  into a given system and sends it automatically to
  all upstream systems and processes. Ideally, an
  organization wants to build both forward and
  backward integrations, which provide the
  flexibility to create, update, and delete
  information in any of the systems.
• However integrations are expensive and difficult
  to build. Most organizations build only forward
  integrations. Building only forward integrations
  implies that a change in the initial system will
  result in changes occurring in all the other
  systems. Integration of information is not
  possible for any changes occurring outside the
  initial system, which again can result in
  inconsistent organizational information.

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Risks are associated with ERP implementation

• Software costs
• Consulting fees
• Process rework
• Customization
• Integration and testing
• Training
• Data warehouse integration and data conversion

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Core ERP and Extended ERP
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Operational and Analytical CRM

• Operational CRM supports traditional
  transactional processing for day-to-day
  front-office operations or systems that deal
  directly with the customers
• Analytical CRM supports back-office operations
  and strategic analysis and includes all systems
  that do not deal directly with the customers

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Operational and Analytical CRM
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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

• Decision support system (DSS) models
  information to support managers and business
  professionals during the decision-making process
• Three quantitative models used by DSSs include
• Sensitivity analysis the study of the impact
  that changes in one (or more) parts of the model
  have on other parts of the model
• What-if analysis checks the impact of a change
  in an assumption on the proposed solution
• Goal-seeking analysis finds the inputs
  necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired
  level of output

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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading(ETL)
process

• Through ETL process, Data warehouse compiles
  information from internal or external databases.
  ETL is a process that extracts information from
  internal and external databases, transforms the
  information using a common set of enterprise
  definitions, and loads the information into a
  Data warehouse. The data warehouse then sends
  subsets of the information to data marts. Data
  mart contains a subset of data warehouse
  information.

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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading(ETL)
process
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Enterprise Application Integration(EAI)

• Software integration is the 1 IT priority today
• It is also the most complex and expensive problem
  to solve
• About 30 - 40 of all IT costs are
  integration-related
• Approximately 1/2 of all integration costs are
  adapter-related
• Adapters represent the highest incremental cost
  of software integration
• Each software system that needs to be integrated
  requires an adapter

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Definition of EAI

• EAI is the process of integrating applications
  and database
• systems into a unified software system capable of
  
• supporting
• On-demand data exchange
• Collaboration of shared functions
• Consolidation Transformation of data into
  information
• Automating data synchronization
• Automating business process

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Definition of EAI

• Definition The process of integrating multiple
  applications that were independently developed,
  may use incompatible technology, and remain
  independently managed.
• By this definition, EAI would include
• Business Process Integration
• Enterprise Information Integration

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Typical Architecture of EAI
Business Application
Business Application
Transformer
Database
Database
Function
Function
Data Integration Broker
Adapter
Adapter
Adapter
Adapter
XML
SOAP
Web Services Broker
UDDI
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Web Technology Merits of Cascading Style Sheets

• Cascading style sheets tell the browser, through
  a set of rules, how to present a document. If
  you need to change a style element on the Web
  pages associated with a website, you only need to
  update a single file, as opposed to all the Web
  pages

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Web Technology Merits of Extensible Style
Language

• XML has been used widely especially in e-business
  sector.
• XSL allows you to specify how to display a Web
  page and also the type of client device, enabling
  the designer to standardize the appearance of a
  Web page across devices.
• Various ways to apply web page
• etc