IB

1
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
ventilatory system

• The principle structures of the respiratory
  system are
• Nose/Mouth
• Pharynx
• Larynx voice box
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Lungs
• Alveoli

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
2
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
ventilatory system

Sub-topics

1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
http//www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_
anatomy.jpg
3
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
ventilatory system

Sub-topics

• Smooth muscle tissue is found on the walls of
  some of our internal hollow organs It produces
  smooth, rhythmical actions.
• We can not consciously control the action of
  smooth muscle. It is subsequently termed
  involuntary.
• e.g. movement of blood and air in the lungs
• DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme

1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
4
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
ventilatory system

Sub-topics

• The trachea is a thin walled tube about the
  diameter of an average garden hose. It is
  composed of very thin, tough connective tissue
  and is strengthened at intervals by incomplete
  rings of cartilage.
• The trachea muscle runs down the posterior wall
  of the trachea. This is an example of smooth
  muscle.
• Solomon Davis

1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
5
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting
airways

• The nostrils are fringed with coarse hair, which
  strains large particles out of the airstream and
  may also serve to protect the nasal cavity from
  invasion by insects.
• The interior of the nasal cavity contains
  projections of considerable surface area. These
  projections, nasal conchae, make the airstream
  turbulent and subsequently warm and hydrate it.
• Thanks to the structure of the nose, air entering
  the trachea is virtually 100 humidified.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
6
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting
airways

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system

• www.nlm.nih.gov

7
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting
airways

• Air passes through the 3 portions of the pharynx,
  which provides a low resistance path for airflow,
  to the trachea via the larynx.
• In addition to its function as the voice box the
  larynx protects the trachea from invasion by
  foods and fluids.
• The cartilaginous trachea, branches into the two
  main bronchi.
• The lining of the tracheobronchial system is
  designed to protect the lungs from dehydration
  and invasion by foreign particles, including
  micro-organisms.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
8
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting
airways

• The lungs themselves develop at the end of the
  bronchi. They are elastic spongy organs.
• Gas exchange is carried out by a complex of
  structures at the end of each terminal
  bronchioles.
• They are simple thin walled structures which
  also have numerous thin-walled outpocketings
  called alveoli, which are specialised for the
  function of gaseous exchange.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
9
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.3 Define respiratory terms

• Pulmonary ventilation is commonly referred to as
  breathing. It is the process of air flowing into
  the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out
  of the lungs during expiration (exhalation). Air
  flows because of pressure differences between the
  atmosphere and gases inside the lungs.
• DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
10
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.3 Define respiratory terms

• Air, like other gases, flows from a region with
  higher pressure to a region with lower pressure.
  Muscular breathing movements and recoil of
  elastic tissues create the changes in pressure
  that result in ventilation. Pulmonary ventilation
  involves three different pressures
• Atmospheric pressure
• Intraalveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure
• Intrapleural pressure
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the air
  outside the body. Intraalveolar pressure is the
  pressure inside the alveoli of the lungs.
  Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the
  pleural cavity. These three pressures are
  responsible for pulmonary ventilation.
• http//training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/uni
  t9_2_resp_vent_mechanics.html

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
11
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.3 Define respiratory terms

• It is important to understand the various
  volumes and capacities of the lungs in order to
  appreciate the effects of exercise on the
  respiratory system.
• Total lung capacity can be calculated by adding
  vital capacity to residual volume of the lungs.
• During normal, quiet respiration, about 500mL of
  air is inspired. The same amount of air moves out
  with expiration. This volume of air is called the
  tidal volume.
• When we forcibly take a deep breath, we can take
  in up to 3100mL above the tidal volume. This
  additional air is the inspiratory reserve volume.
• Browne et. al 2001

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
12
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.3 Define respiratory terms

• We can also forcibly exhale. This is termed the
  expiratory reserve volume.
• Even after the expiratory reserve volume is
  expelled, some air is still trapped in the lungs
  because of pressure. This is called the residual
  volume.
• Browne et al 2001
• DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
13
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs

• To understand how a person breathes, you need to
  know that a substance called pleural fluid lies
  between the lungs and the chest wall.
• Have you ever put two pieces of wet glass
  together (e.g. microscope slides) and found that
  you could not easily pull them apart. This
  phenomenon results from a combination of forces
  surface tension, molecular cohesion and
  atmospheric pressure.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
14
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs

• Think of the walls of the chest and the lungs as
  the two wet slides and the pleural fluid as the
  film of water. When the chest expands during
  breathing, the film of pleural fluid causes the
  membranous walls of the lungs to be pulled
  outward along with the chest walls. This means
  the space within the lungs increases. The air
  molecules in the lungs now move momentarily
  farther apart, so that the pressure in of the air
  in the lungs falls below the pressure of the
  atmosphere outside the body.
• Consequently, air from outside rushes down the
  trachea and into the lungs until the two
  pressures are equal again. This is the process of
  inspiration.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
15
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs

• Observation of the skeleton reveals that each
  rib pivots about a vertebral joint. If it is
  lifted upward it also swings outward, with the
  thoracic cavity being enlarged anteriorly and
  superiorly. This is the task in quiet breathing
  of the external intercostal muscles.
• At the same time the ribs are lifted, the
  diaphragm (the muscular floor of the thoracic
  cavity) contracts downward enlarging the thoracic
  cavity inferiorly. This process enlarges the
  cavity twofold.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
16
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs

• Expiration is almost entirely a passive process
  that depends on the elasticity of the lungs and
  chest structures, as well as fluid film surface
  tensions within the lungs. When inspiratory
  muscles are relaxed, air simply leaves the lung,
  much as it would leave an untied balloon.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
17
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs

• This above description is for quiet breathing.
  When one speaks or runs, the abdominal muscles
  press upon the abdominal contents, squeezing them
  upwards against the diaphragm. The internal
  intercostal muscles oppose the external
  intercostals and pull the ribcage downward,
  helping to decrease the thoracic cavity volume
  and forcibly empty the lungs. The diaphragm may
  also function in forcible expiration.
• In laboured inspiration (e.g. accompanying
  exercise) many of the muscles of the upper trunk
  are also recruited. They are only indirectly
  attached to the ribs and are inefficient as
  respiratory muscles. E.g. Pectoralis major and
  minor, Trapezius, Rhomboideus.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
18
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the
human lungs


Sub-topics
http//www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/progr
am/section4/4ch1/4ch1img/page17.jpg
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
19
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.5 Describe the significance of carbon dioxide
in the control of pulmonary ventilation

• The entire respiratory system would be useless
  unless the alveolar air were regularly changed.
  Since humans do not possess a one-way system for
  air circulation through the lungs, inhaled an
  exhaled air must be mixed to some degree. This
  does not normally produce any difficulty, since
  the respiratory system possesses a two to
  threefold margin of safety and is ordinarily far
  more effective than it needs to be in regard to
  oxygen absorption.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics

1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
20
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.5 Describe the significance of carbon dioxide
in the control of pulmonary ventilation

• This is less true, however for carbon dioxide
  removal, which is an equally important task of
  the respiratory system. Fortunately, carbon
  dioxide diffuses through the alveolar walls far
  more readily than oxygen, but dissolved carbonic
  acid does not readily breakdown to form carbon
  dioxide. Were it not for the enzyme carbonic
  anhydrase, which speeds the dissociation of
  carbonic acid as well as its formation, the
  elimination of this gas would be hopelessly
  inadequate.
• As it is, carbon dioxide excretion is far more
  easily hindered than is oxygen absorption. Thus
  breathing is governed not by oxygen, but the
  carbon dioxide content of the blood.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
21
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.5 Describe the significance of carbon dioxide
in the control of pulmonary ventilation

• Whilst respiration appears at first a voluntary
  activity, if that were true it would not continue
  when were asleep or inattentive. It is subject to
  great conscious influence, but despite the fact
  it is carried out by such voluntary muscles as
  the intercostals and the diaphragm, breathing is
  basically an automatic and involuntary activity.
• Solomon Davis

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
22
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen
transportation

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/enc
y/fullsize/19510.jpg
23
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen
transportation
Hemoglobin is the iron containing oxygen
transport protein in the red blood cells. It
transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of
the body, such as the muscles, where it releases
its load of oxygen. The name hemoglobin is the
concatenation of heme and globin, reflecting the
fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a
globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem)
group each heme group contains an iron atom, and
this is responsible for the binding of oxygen. In
humans, each heme group is able to bind one
oxygen molecule with one hemoglobin molecule can
therefore bind four oxygen molecules. http//en.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
24
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at
the alveoli

• Gas exchanges between the air in the alveoli
  and the blood capillaries occur across the
  respiratory membrane in a process known as
  pulmonary diffusion. The most critical factor
  for gas exchange between alveoli and the blood
  is the pressure gradient between the gases in
  the two areas.
• According to Daltons law of partial pressures,
  the pressure of a mixture of gases equals
  the sum of the individual pressures (partial
  pressures) of each gas in the mixture.
• Browne et.al

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
25
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at
the alveoli

• If we take a normal breath of air, which
  contains nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide,
  the total pressure of the air is equal to the
  sum of the partial pressures of the individual
  gases in the blood and the alveoli create a
  pressure gradient, so one into the other (from
  high partial pressure to low partial pressure)
• The partial pressure of oxygen arriving at the
  alveoli is high, and the partial pressure of it
  in the capillaries is low. Therefore oxygen
  diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. The
  opposite is true for carbon dioxide.
• Browne et.al

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
26
IB Sports, exercise and health science
Exercise physiology
Topic 2 Exercise Physiology
2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at
the alveoli

Sub-topics
1. Structure function of the ventilatory system
2. Structure function of the cardiovascular
system
27
Be prepared for discussions

• Affect of exercise on hemoglobin at altitude
• What are some of the effects/results of breathing
  air at altitude? Below sea level?
• What is the theory behind hyperventilation for
  improved breath holding ability?