The Cold War Ch. 26 and 27

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The Cold WarCh. 26 and 27
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Major Events during the Cold War!

• Containment
• The United Nations
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Formation of NATO
• Korean Conflict
• McCarthyism

• Space Race
• Bay of Pigs
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Civil Rights Movement
• Afghan War
• Chernobyl Disaster
• Berlin Wall

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Remember the tensions

• The United States didnt recognize communist
  Soviet Union until 1933.
• US had joined the White Army, but were beaten by
  the communist Reds during the Russian Revolution.
• After the Yalta Conference
• Joseph Stalin didnt hold the promised free
  Polish elections.
• Red Army occupied Poland and supported their
  communist dominated Govt.
• He entered the war with Japan much later than FDR
  would have liked.
• He and Truman werent best buddies.

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The United Nations

• Everyone agreed on the establishment and need for
  this.
• A new international peacekeeping organization.
• Remember the League of Nations?
• Failed b/c the United States didnt join.
• April 1945 delegates from 50 nations met to
  adopt a charter for the UN.
• Said people would solve problems diplomatically
  and try to prevent war when possible.
• The US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and
  China had permanent seats on the council and a
  veto over proposed policies.

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Truman vs. Stalin
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Truman vs. Stalin

• Stalin
• Leader of Soviet Union.
• Communist Govt
• Didnt want Poland to have unsupervised
  elections.
• Wanted to spread communism and influence to
  satellite nations.
• Countries subject to the Western Borders of the
  Soviet Union.
• Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, etc.

• Truman
• President of the US
• Democratic Govt
• Wanted free Polish elections.
• Didnt want the Soviet Union to spread communism
  to satellite nations.

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The Cold War

• Was a long-standing conflict b/w the U.S. and the
  Soviet Union that began immediately after WWII
• Was more of a competition than a war
• Contrasts b/w Communism and Democracy led to the
  Cold War
• Political
• Economical
• Philosophical

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U.S. Aims Versus Soviet Aims in Europe

• SOVIETS wanted to
• Encourage communism in other countries as part of
  the worldwide struggle b/w workers and the
  wealthy.
• Transfer the industrial equipment of Eastern
  Europe to the Soviet Union to help rebuild its
  war-ravaged economy.
• Control Eastern Europe to balance the U.S.
  influence in Western Europe.
• Keep Germany divided and weak, since the Germans
  had waged war against Russia twice in 30 years
  and had caused most of the 20 million Soviet
  deaths in WWII.

• US wanted to
• Encourage democracy in other countries to help
  prevent the rise of new totalitarian governments
• Gain access to raw materials and markets for its
  booming industries
• Rebuild European govts to ensure stability and
  create new markets for American goods.
• Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be
  more secure if Germany were productive and less
  bitter about defeat.

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The Iron Curtain

• In a Feb. 1946 speech, Joseph Stalin predicted
  the ultimate triumph of communism over
  capitalism.
• Winston Churchill, defeated for re-election,
  responded with his famous Iron Curtain speech.

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The Iron Curtain

• From Stellin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
  the Continent. Behind that line lie all the
  capitals of Central and Eastern EuropeThe
  Communist parties, which were very small in all
  these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised
  to pre-eminence and power far beyond their
  numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain
  totalitarian controlThis is certainly not the
  Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is
  it one which contains the essentials of permanent
  peace.
• - Winston Churchill March 5, 1946

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Containment

• In February 1946, George F. Kennan, an American
  diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of
  containment.
• This was an effort to block the Soviets attempts
  to spread their influence by creating alliances
  and supporting weaker countries.
• The policy of containment began to guide the
  Truman administrations foreign policy.

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Truman Doctrine

• On March 12, 1947, Truman asked Congress for 400
  million in economic and military aid for Greece
  and Turkey.
• The President also declared that the U.S. should
  support free peoples throughout the world who
  were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or
  outside pressures.
• This statement became known as the TRUMAN
  DOCTRINE.

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Causes and Effectsof the Cold War

• Effects
• US adopts a policy to contain communism.
• Truman Doctrine offers US aid to countries
  opposing communism.
• NATO and Warsaw Pact are formed.
• Fear of communism at home leads to a climate of
  suspicion in American culture.

• Causes
• US and USSR clash over the postwar administration
  of Poland.
• USSRs totalitarian Gov't is increasingly at odds
  with Western ideals.
• Stalin pledges to ensure the survival of the
  Soviet system, while Churchill urges the West to
  oppose it.

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Marshall Plan

• American policy makers didnt want to repeat
  mistakes made post WWI era.
• Lets help war-torn nations build back up, so
  they can stand up to communism.
• Truman Doctrine helped and so did this!!!
• Marshall Plan called for the nations of Europe to
  draw up a program for economic recovery from the
  war.
• The US would support them with .
• Sec. Of State George Marshall unveiled this in
  1947.
• Soviet Union refused to join and encouraged its
  satellite nations to do the same.
• US pumped 13 billion to different nations
  through this.

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West Germany

• West Germany benefited greatly from the Marshall
  Plan.
• Remember the 4 zones of occupation?
• By 1948, the US, GB and FR became convinced that
  the USSR wouldnt allow the reunification of
  Germany so they merged their three occupation
  zones to create the Federal Republic of
  GermanyWest Germany.
• Soviets responded by forming East Germany.

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Berlin Airlift

• Capitalist West Berlin and Commuist East Berlin
  were symbols of the growing Cold War.
• People tried to flee East Berlin and Stalin
  blockaded the entrance (escape route) to West
  Gremany, and cut off supplies.
• Truman instead of starting a war, started the
  Berlin Airlift.
• Moving supplies into West Berlin by plane.
• Made more than 200,000 flights to deliver food,
  fuel...
• Soviets gave up in 1949 and airlift stopped.

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NATO and Warsaw Pact

• April 1949 Canada, US, and other European
  nations (Belgium, GB, Denmark, FR, Iceland,
  Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norwary, and
  Portugal)
• Formed the North Atlantic Treaty Org.
• An armed attack against one or more of them,
  shall be considered an attack against them all.
• Collective security.
• Soviet Union responds creating Warsaw Pact
• Same thing as NATO, but with USSR and satellite
  nations.

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In the meantime

• Soviets claim they have an atomic bomb!
• China falls to Communist Mao Zedong
• The loyalty program
• What was this again?
• HUAC
• What was this again?

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Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
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McCarthyism

• Feb. 1950, Wisconsin Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy
  charged that the State Dept. knowingly employed
  more than 200 Communists.
• He could never prove that anyone was a Communist,
  but once you were tagged you had a hard time
  convincing others of your real beliefs.
• He used the FBI and the U.S. Army Signal Corps to
  help hunt down communists and sympathizers.

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McCarthyism

• Not only were government officials accused and
  interrogated, but also film directors, military
  officials and many others. They were all brought
  before Senate hearing to name those they knew
  with Communist ties.
• President Truman warned of the fear and hysteria
  wrought by Sen. McCarthy and things eventually
  died down.
• As a result, many reputations were ruined and
  careers left in shambles. A few of the accused
  even committed suicide.

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Korean War

• As WWII was ending, the Allied powers had all
  agreed that when Japan was defeated, Korea would
  become an independent state.
• General Douglas Macarthur's plan called for the
  creation of an artificial line at the 38th
  parallel in Korea.
• The line essentially split the country in half.
• The Japanese forces above the parallel
  surrendered to the Soviet Union, and those to the
  south to the Americans.

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Korean War

• June, 1950, the Communist govt of North Korea
  launched a full-scale military invasion of South
  Korea, a capitalist country.
• The Soviet Union was modeling the N. Korean govt
  after its own Communist govt.
• The United Nations (U.N.) Security Council voted
  9-0 to hold N. Korea accountable for the attack.

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Korean War

• The U.N. decided to send peace keeping troops
  (mainly made up of U.S. soldiers)
• Not wanting to call this a war, President Truman
  termed it a conflict, that needed police action
  from the military.
• He put General MacArthur in command of the U.N.
  forces.
• He did such a great job, that the U.N. thought
  the job had been accomplished by Sept. of 1950.
• BUT, they made a big miscalculation.

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Korean War

• MacArthur underestimated the Chinese and went
  against orders.
• He was too confident and arrogant, and he
  threatened China with a powerful U.S./U.N. attack
  without clearing it first with Truman.
• Needless to say, he was fired and replaced with
  General Matthew Ridgway.

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Korean War

• Back home, General Dwight D. Eisenhower and his
  running mate Richard Nixon won the presidential
  election of 1952.
• Eisenhower Ike, inherited the war and promised
  to get the country out, ASAP.
• He kept his promise!

Gen. Dwight Ike Eisenhower
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Korean War

• Fighting continued for more than 2 yrs, until an
  armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.
• In the final analysis, the war cost everyone in
  lives and materials and left no country satisfied
  certainly not the U.S.
• TOTAL 36,940 Americans gave their lives in the
  Korean Theater.

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The Postwar Years at Home

• Economy
• Mood of the American public
• Domestic Politics and Policy
• Demands for Civil Rights

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Economy

• The U.S. experienced economic prosperity in the
  years after WWII and the Korean War.
• Suburban America begins to emerge, as well as
  CONSUMERISM!
• Much of this comes from the soldiers returning
  home and receiving the G.I. Bill.
• This G.I. Bill afforded soldiers homes and
  college tuition.
• We begin to see Americans spending money on items
  they want, not necessarily items they need!
• America didnt rely on aircraft to carry nuclear
  weapons, so the US lagged behind the Soviet Union
  in missile development.

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• 1950 Diners Club becomes the nations first
  credit card.
• 1953- Two thirds of all American families own
  televisions
• 1956 Construction begins on 40,000-mile
  interstate highway system, known as the
  Eisenhower Interstate System. (He modeled it
  after seeing the Autobahn in Germany)

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• 1954 McDonalds becomes the nations first
  fast-food chain.
• 1956 A majority of American workers hold
  white-collar office jobs for the first time in
  U.S. History.
• 1957 First nuclear power plant is built

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The Mood of the 1950sMany Americans enjoyed the
stability and prosperity of the 1950s, while some
young people began to rebel against their
parents society!
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Domestic Politics and PoliciesPresidents Harry
Truman and Dwight Eisenhower pursued different
styles to meet the challenges of the postwar
period.
PUT THIS INFORMATION INTO A VENN DIAGRAM!

• Truman
• Energetic personality, outspoken style
• Extended New Deal-style programs with his Fair
  Deal.
• Frustrated by strong opposition in
  Republican-controlled Congress

• Eisenhower
• Calm personality, talented diplomat
• Belief in limiting size and power of government
• Favored big business and corporate America
• Stop Soviet influence in Middle East.

Both presidents continued New Deal era
commitments to helping people and both opposed
communist expansion around the world.
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Eisenhowers Presidency 1953-1961

• Major Political Events during his administration
• McCarthyism
• Korean War
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• Troops sent into Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce
  school desegregation
• NASA created in (1958)
• Halted exports to Cuba when Fidel Castro seized
  American property.