Nonrenewable Energy

1

• Nonrenewable Energy

2
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
3
Energy Sources

• Primary Energy Resources The fossil fuels(oil,
  gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water,
  geothermal, and solar energy.
• Secondary Energy Resources Those sources which
  are derived from primary resources such as
  electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural
  gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol
  fuels.

4
Thermodynamics

• 1st law of thermodynamicsenergy can not be
  created or destroyed, just converted from 1 form
  to another.
• 2nd law of thermodynamicsEnergy conversions
  are not 100 efficient!

5
Energy Units and Use

• Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy
  required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
  water by 1 ºF.
• cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to
  raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC.
  Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
• 1 Btu 252 cal 0.252 kcal
• 1 Btu 1055 J (joule) 1.055 kJ
• 1 cal 4.184 J

6
Energy Units and Use

• Two other units that are often seen are the
  horsepower and the watt. These are not units of
  energy, but are units of power.
• 1 watt (W) 3.412 Btu / hour
• 1 horsepower (hp) 746 W
• Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to
  describe electrical energy. Usually we use
  kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
• quad (Q) - used for describing very large
  quantities of energy. 1 Q 1015 Btu

7
Evaluating Energy Resources

• U.S. has 4.6 of world population uses 24 of
  the worlds energy
• 84 from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal,
  natural gas)
• 7 from nuclear power
• 9 from renewable sources (hydropower,
  geothermal, solar, biomass).

8
Changes in U.S. Energy Use
9
Energy resources removed from the earths crust
include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
10
Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living
  organisms millions of years ago, and account for
  about 80 of the energy generated in the U.S.
• The fossil fuels used in energy generation are
• Natural gas- which is 70 - 80 methane (CH4)
• Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the
  distillation of petroleum
• Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules of
  mostly hydrocarbons.

11
Problems with Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
• At projected consumption rates, natural gas and
  petroleum will be depleted before 2100.
• Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of
  CO2, which contributes to global warming

12
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
13
Oil

• Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within
  the earth's crust, extracted by drilling.
• Crude oil complex liquid mixture of
  hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N
  impurities.

14
Sources of Oil

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67 world reserves
• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
  Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
  United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
• Other important producers Alaska, Siberia,
  Mexico.

15
(No Transcript)
16
Oil in U.S.

• 2.3 of world reserves
• uses nearly 30 of world reserves
• 65 for transportation
• increasing dependence on imports.

17
(No Transcript)
18
Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth,
they have discouraged / prevented improvements in
energy efficiency and alternative technologies
favoring renewable resources.
.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
19

• Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide
  into the atmosphere and thus promotes global
  warming.
• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and
  nuclear power.

t
20
(No Transcript)
21
Oil

• Crude oil is transported to a refinery where
  distillation produces petrochemicals
• How Oil Refining Works
• by Craig C.
• Freudenrich, Ph.D.

22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
26
Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel

• Mixture
• 5090 Methane (CH4)
• Ethane (C2H6)
• Propane (C3H8)
• Butane (C4H10)
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
27
Sources of Natural Gas

• Russia Kazakhstan - almost 40 of world's
  supply.
• Iran (15), Qatar (5), Saudi Arabia (4),
  Algeria (4), United States (3), Nigeria (3),
  Venezuela (3)
• 9095 of natural gas in U.S. domestic (411,000
  km 255,000 miles of pipeline).

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
28
billion cubic metres
29
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
30
Natural Gas

• Experts predict increased use of natural gas
  during this century

31
(No Transcript)
32
Natural Gas

• When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and
  butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied
  petroleum gas (LPG)
• The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried,
  cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines
  for distribution
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in
  refrigerated tanker ships

33
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt
34
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
35
Coal Supply and Demand

• Coal exists in many forms (so no chemical formula
  written for it)
• Coalification After plants died they underwent
  chemical decay to form peat
• Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
• Peat is converted to coal by geological events
  such as land subsidence which subject the peat to
  great pressures and temperatures.

36
(No Transcript)
37
Ranks/Types of Coal

• Lignite A brownish-black coal of low quality
  (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high
  inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy
  content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
• Subbituminous Black lignite, is dull black and
  generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture
  Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
• Bituminous most common coal is dense and black
  (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull
  material). Its moisture content usually is less
  than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu
  / lb.
• Anthracite A hard, black lustrous coal, often
  referred to as hard coal, containing a high
  percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage
  of volatile matter. Energy content of about
  14,000 Btu/lb.

38
PEAT
LIGNITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt
39
BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt
40
Main Coal Deposits
41
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt
42
Advantages and Disadvantages

• Pros

• Cons

• Most abundant fossil fuel
• Major U.S. reserves
• About 300 yrs. at current consumption rates
• High net energy yield

• Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide
• Major environmental degradation
• Major threat to health

43
Sulfur in Coal

• When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily
  as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)
• Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from
  coal include cleaning, solvent refining,
  gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are
  used to trap SO2 when coal is burned
• Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or
  CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

44
Coal

• Coal gasification Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
• Coal liquefaction Liquid fuels
• Disadvantage
• Costly
• High environmental impact

45
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
46
Nuclear Energy

• In a conventional nuclear power plant
• a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
• heats water
• produce high-pressure steam
• that turns turbines
• generates electricity.

47
Nuclear Energy
Controlled Chain Reaction neutrons split the
nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium
release energy (heat)
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
48
Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
49
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
50
Radioactivity

• Radioactive decay continues until the the
  original isotope is changed into a stable isotope
  that is not radioactive
• Radioactivity Nuclear changes in which unstable
  (radioactive) isotopes emit particles energy

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
51
Radioactivity

• Types
• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2
  neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form
  of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
• Sources of natural radiation
• Soil
• Rocks
• Air
• Water
• Cosmic rays

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
52
Relative Doses from Radiation Sources
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
53
Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a
radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to
form a different isotope Half-time emitted
Uranium 235 710 million yrs alpha,
gamma Plutonium 239 24.000 yrs alpha,
gamma During operation, nuclear power plants
produce radioactive wastes, including some that
remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
54
Diagram of Radioactive Decay
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
55
Effects of Radiation

• Genetic damages from mutations that alter genes
• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next
  generation
• Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns,
  miscarriages cancers

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
56
www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
57
Radioactive Waste

• 1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of
  radiation)
• Sources nuclear power plants, hospitals
  universities
• 1940 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
• Today deposit into landfills
• 2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of
  radiation)
• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years
• No agreement about a safe method of storage

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
58
Radioactive Waste

• 1. Bury it deep underground.
• Problems i.e. earthquake, groundwater
• 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
• Problems costs, accident would affect large
  area.
• 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
• Problems long-term stability of ice is not
  known, global warming
• 4. Most likely plan for the US
• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
• Cost of over 50 billion
• 160 miles from Las Vegas
• Transportation across the country via train
  truck

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
59
Yucca Mountain
www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
60
Plutonium Breeding

• 238U is the most plentiful isotope of Uranium
• Non-fissionable - useless as fuel
• Reactors can be designed to convert 238U into a
  fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
61
Conversion of 238U to 239Pu

• Under appropriate operating conditions, the
  neutrons given off by fission reactions can
  "breed" more fuel, from otherwise non-fissionable
  isotopes, than they consume

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
62
Reprocess Nuclear Fuel

• During the operation of a nuclear reactor the
  uranium runs out
• Accumulating fission products hinder the proper
  function of a nuclear reactor
• Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
63
Plutonium in Spent Fuel

• Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed
  plutonium atoms
• Miss out on the opportunity to split
• Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from
  fission products and uranium
• Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different
  Nuclear Reactor

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
64
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
65
Nuclear Energy

• Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability
  have slowed the growth of the nuclear power
  industry
• Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
  showed that a partial or complete meltdown is
  possible

66
Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
67
Three Mile Island

• March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA
  lost coolant water because of mechanical and
  human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
• 50,000 people evacuated another 50,000 fled
  area
• Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
• Partial cleanup damages cost 1.2 billion
• Released radiation increased cancer rates.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
68
(No Transcript)
69
Chernobyl

• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
  radioactive debris into atmosphere
• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths
• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
  homes
• 160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
• gt Half million people exposed to dangerous levels
  of radioactivity
• Cost of incident gt 358 billion

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40
  years
• New reactor designs are still proposed
• Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors
  have proven too costly to build and operate
• Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion
  have been unsuccessful

73
Use of Nuclear Energy

• U.S. phasing out
• Some countries (France, Japan) investing
  increasingly
• U.S. currently 7 of energy nuclear
• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
• 40 of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to
  be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
• North Korea is getting new plants from the US
• France 78 energy nuclear

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
74
Phasing Out Nuclear Power

• Multi-billion- construction costs
• High operation costs
• Frequent malfunctions
• False assurances and coverups
• Overproduction of energy in some areas
• Poor management
• Lack of public acceptance

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
75
2) Energy
Energy Mineral resources
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt