Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll

• The cells in leaves contain chlorophyll
• Traps energy from the sun to produce energy-rich
  sugar molecules--carbohydrates
• 6CO2 6H2O solar energy C6H12O6
  6O2

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Energy Nutrient Transfer
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Producer

• Organism that makes its own food
• Also called autorophs

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Consumer

• Organism that get their energy by eating other
  organisms.
• Also called heterotrophs

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Decomposers

• Organisms that feeds by breaking down organic
  matter from dead organisms
• Examples bacteria and fungi

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Exception to the Rule

• Deep-Ocean Ecosystems
• --Tube worms depend on bacteria that live inside
  them to survive. The bacteria uses energy from
  Hydrogen Sulfide to make their own food
• chemosynthesis

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Chemosynthesis
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Life Depends on the Sun

• Organisms use energy to move, grow and reproduce

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Grizzly Bears

• Omnivoreeats both meat plants
• Can eat up to 1.5 of their body weight in one
  day when eating salmon and 33 of body weight
  when eating fruits vegetation.
• How many pounds of salmon can a 200lb grizzly
  bear eat in one day?
• 15 of 200 30lbs
• How many pounds of fruits and vegetation can the
  same bear eat in one day?
• 33 of 200 66 lbs

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Cellular Respiration

• Breaking down of food
• to yield energy using
• the O2 you breath in
• C6H12O6 6O2
• 6CO2 6H20 energy

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Excess Energy

• Stored as Fat or Sugar

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Energy Transfer

• Food Chains, Food Webs, Trophic Levels

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Food Chain

• Sequence in which energy is transferred from one
  organism to the next as each organism eats
  another organism

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Food Web

• Feeding Relationships that are possible in an
  ecosystem

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Who Eats Who-Energy Transfer
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Food Chain Food Web
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Trophic Level

• Each step in the transfer of energy through a
  food chain or web in an ecosystem

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Trophic Levels
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Food Pyramid
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Energy Pyramid
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Biomasstotal dry mass of organisms in an area
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Energy Loss Affects

• 1. decrease amount of energy impacts each
  trophic level
• 2. Loss limits the number of trophic levels
  rarely have 4 or 5 levels since so much energy is
  needed to support

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Trophic Cascade

• Indirect interaction between predators and the
  resources consumed by the predators prey

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Biosphere
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Cycling of Materials

• Materials in an ecosystem are constantly reused
  in an endless cycle

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Erosion

• Water erosion by rivers and oceans dramatically
  changes the Earths surface
• Wind erosion blows away top soil and erodes soft
  rocks, such as sandstone.

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• Nitrogen 78
• Oxygen 20
• Argon 0.9
• CO2 0.04
• Water Vapor 1

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Atmospheric Circulations
Source Wikipedia
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Earths Energy Balance
Earths overall average equilibrium temperature
changes only slightly from year to year.
A balance exists between incoming solar energy
(shortwave radiation) and outgoing energy from
Earth to space (longwave radiation).
Source Ahrens, C. D., 2008 Essentials of
Meteorology, An Invitation to the Atmosphere (5th
Edition)
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Without greenhouse gases, the average surface
temperature of the Earth would be 18 C
No greenhouse gases (only permanent gases)
The current atmosphere (with greenhouse gases)
Source Ahrens, C. D., 2008 Essentials of
Meteorology, An Invitation to the Atmosphere (5th
Edition)
33 C difference
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The Worlds Water

• 97 Salt Water
• 2.5 Frozen Fresh Water
• .5 Usable Fresh Water

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The Water Cycle
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Water Cycle
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Ocean circulation
Source NOAA
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Source Wikipedia
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Nitrogen Carbon Cycle
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Carbon is the Building Block
CO2 in air
Combustion
Respiration
photosynthesis
respiration
photosynthesis
Decomposition of organisms
CO2 dissolved in water
Fossil fuels
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Terrestrial Ecosystems are an

• Integral part of global carbon system
• Plants take in and store carbon dioxide from the
  atmosphere through photosynthesis
• Below ground microbes decompose organic matter
  and release organic carbon back into the
  atmosphere

www.bom.gov.au/.../ change/gallery/9.shtml
Cycle shows how natures sources of CO2 are self
regulating that which is released will be used
again Anthropogenic carbon not part of natures
cycle is in excess
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Nitrogen Cycle

• Movement of Nitrogen between atmosphere, bacteria
  and other organisms

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nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground
Nitrogen in atmosphere
plant
Nitrogen fixing in roots
nitrates
Nitrifying bacteria
decomposers
nitrites
ammonia
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
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Phosphorus Cycle

• Movement of phosphorus from the environment to
  organisms and back

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Aquatic Ecosystem
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How Ecosystems Change

• Primary Succession occurs on a surface where no
  ecosystem existed before
• Secondary Succession occurs where an ecosystem
  previously existedpioneer species, climax
  community

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Primary Succession
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Ecological Succession
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Old Field Succession