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Title: Overview for GRE Analytical Writing <<Argument Questions>>


1
Overview for GRE Analytical WritingltltArgument
Questionsgtgt
  • Sections
  • I. Introduction to Argument Questions
  • (I. ??Argument Questions)
  • II. How to Answer Argument Questions
  • -- the Pool of Argument Questions
  • (II. ?????ETS?????)
  • III. Other Useful Tips (III. ??????)
  • IV. Related Links and References
  • (IV.?????????)

2
I. Introduction to Argument Questions
There are two kinds of essay questions in the GRE
test 1) Present Your Perspective on an Issue
1 question, 45 minutes 2) Analyze an
Argument 1 question, 30
minutes GRE??????????-- issue question argument
question,????,???45?????,??30???
3
  • This file focuses on the second kind argument
    question. ???????argument question
  • you analyze a paragraph-length argument,
    pointing out and discussing problems with its
    line of reasoning, adequacy and use of evidence,
    and internal logic.
  • ??,?????????,?????????????????,??,??????
    ETS?www.gre.com??????
  • ETS has released its official pool of GRE
    Analytical Writing questions on www.gre.org

4
II. How to Answer Argument Questions
  • Directions for the Argument Writing Task
  • Argument Task??????
  • Analyze a paragraph-length argument, pointing out
    and discussing problems with its line of
    reasoning, adequacy and use of evidence, and
    internal logic.
  • (???sample argument topic and essay???ETS??
  • An Introduction to the Analytical Writing
    Section of the GRE General Test.
    http//www.ets.org/Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf
    )

5
  • Argument Task??????
  • Analyze a paragraph-length argument, pointing
    out and discussing problems with its line of
    reasoning, adequacy and use of evidence, and
    internal logic.
  • ????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????
    ?????????

6
  • Specific guidelines
  • You are not asked to agree or disagree with any
    of the statement in the argument.
  • You should analyze the arguments line of
    reasoning.
  • You should consider questional assumptions
    underlying the argument.
  • You may discuss what additional evidence would
    help strengthen or refute the argument.

7
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ??????????????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????

8
???www.gre.com
  • Sample Question (ETS?????)
  • Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
  • Hospital statistics regarding people who go
    to the emergency room after roller skating
    accidents indicate the need for more protective
    equipment. Within this group of people, 75
    percent of those who had accidents in streets or
    parking lots were not wearing any protective
    clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any
    light-reflecting material (clip-on lights,
    glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.). Clearly,
    these statistics indicate that by investing in
    high-quality protective gear and reflective
    equipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce
    their risk of being severely injured in an
    accident.

9
  • Sample Essay (????)
  • Introductory part
  • The notion that protective gear reduces the
    injuries suffered in accidents seems at first
    glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it
    is the intent of these products to either provent
    accidents from occuring in the first place or to
    reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should
    an accident occur. However, the conclusion that
    investing in high quality protective gear greatly
    reduces the risk of being severely injured in an
    accident may mask other (and potentially more
    significant) causes of injuries and may inspire
    people to over invest financially and
    psychologically in protective gear.
  •  

10
  • Outline of the Main Body (????)
  • (1) First of all, as mentioned in the argument,
    there are two distinct kinds of gear -
    preventative gear (such as
  • light reflecting material) and protective
    gear (such as helmets).
  • (2) The argument above is weakened by the fact
    that it does not take into account the inherent
    differences between skaters who wear gear and
    those who do not.
  • (3) The statistic also goes without
    differentiating between severity of injuries.
  • (4) Finally, there is absolutely no evidence
    provided that high quality (and presumably more
    expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other
    kinds of gear.

11
  • Conclusion
  • The argument for safety gear based on
    emergency room statistics could provide important
    information and
  • potentially saves lives. Before conclusions
    about the amount and kinds of investments that
    should be made
  • in gear are reached, however, a more
    complete understanding of the benefits are
    needed. After all, a false
  • confidence in ineffective gear could be just
    as dangerous as no gear at all.

12
  • Before you write
  • ? carefully read the argumentyou might want to
    read it over more than once
  • ? identify as many of its claims, conclusions,
    and underlying assumptions as possible
  • ? think of as many alternative explanations and
    counterexamples as you can
  • ? think of what additional evidence might weaken
    or lend support to the claims
  • ? ask yourself what changes in the argument would
    make the reasoning more sound

13
???????????
  • ????????,???????
  • ???????????????????????????
  • ?????????,??????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????

14
8 Steps to the Argument Writing Task
  • (1) Read the argument and identify its
    conclusion.
  • (2) Identify and examine the arguments evidence
    to determine how strongly it supports its
    conclusion.
  • (3) Organize and prioritize your points of
    critique.
  • (4) Compose a brief introductory paragraph
  • (5) Compose the main body.
  • (6) Compose your conclusion
  • (7) Review and revise for coherence
  • (8) Proofread for significant mechanical
    problems.
  • ??? Stewart, Mark Alan. Writing Skills for the
    GRE/GMAT. Lawrenceville Petersons, 2002.
  •  

15
???8???
  • (1) ??????????????
  • (2) ??????????????,?????? ???????
  • (3) ???????????????????
  • (4) ??????(introductory paragraph) ?
  • (5) ???(main body)?
  • (6) ???(conclusion) ?
  • (7) ???????,??????????
  • (8) ??????,????????????,??????,????,??????

16
More questions from the pool of argument topics
????(???www.gre.com)
  • The following appeared in a health newsletter.
  • Eating a heavy meal may increase the risk of
    heart attack. A recent survey of 2,000 people who
    had had a heart attack revealed that 158 of them
    said they had eaten a heavy meal within 24 hours
    before their heart attack, and 25 of them said
    they had eaten a heavy meal within 2 hours before
    their heart attack. Eating and digesting food
    releases hormones into the bloodstream and
    temporarily increases heart rate and blood
    pressure slightly. Both of these things put
    stress on the heart. Therefore, people who are at
    risk of having a heart attack can lower that risk
    by not overeating.

17
  • The following is a memo from the business manager
    of National Daily News.
  • To expand the home delivery service of our
    national newspaper, we should concentrate on the
    state of Urba rather than on the state of Sylva.
    First, the population of Sylva is more widely
    dispersed, which would require us to spend more
    money to deliver our papers in that area,
    resulting in less profit per customer. Second, a
    long-term study of television viewing habits
    suggests that Sylvans prefer local to national
    news, since they spend twice as much time viewing
    local news programs as they do viewing national
    programs. Finally, because events in Urba receive
    more coverage in our newspaper than do events in
    Sylva, we can expect Urbans to be more interested
    in reading our newspaper.

18
  • The following is a recommendation from the
    president of Appleby College.
  • Whereas Appleby College holds class reunions
    every five years, Edelston College holds annual
    reunions for all classes, during which Edelston's
    alumni are treated to banquets, lectures, and
    student performances, enhancing their loyalty to
    the college and their willingness to donate
    money. Edelston College receives most of its
    alumni donations during or shortly after these
    reunions. Therefore, the best way for Appleby to
    increase its alumni donations is to offer similar
    reunion activities and to have each graduating
    class hold annual reunions.

19
III. Other Useful Tips ??????
  • Phrases you can use in your essay ????
  • Acknowledge different sides of argument
  • ??????????????
  • Some people think that
  • Although many people feel that
  • It is claimed that
  • Some people feel that
  • While it is true that I believe
  • Despite the fact that , many people think...
  • Although many people think that., I feel that
  • Although it is often said that, in fact the
    opposite is true
  •  

20
Acknowledge different sides of argument??????????
????
  • It is undoubtedly true that However
  • It is often argued that However, it is
  • Some people say that They claim Nevertheless,
  • Supporters of this viewpoint say that
    Nevertheless, it is

21
  • To Signal Examples
  • ?????
  • for example, for instance
  • consider, take the case of
  • To demonstrate, to illustrate
  • As an illustration, in this case, on this
    occasion
  • One possible scenario is that

22
  • To singal conclusion
  • ???????
  • In sum, in brief, in conclusion
  • In essence, in a nutshell
  • Summing up, to recapitulate

23
  • transitional phrases or words
  • ???
  • after all / as a result 
  • at any rate / at the same time 
  • in other words / in the second place 
  • on the contrary / on the other hand
  • in turn, subsequently, consequently,
  • previously, beforehand
  • simultaneously, concurrently

24
IV. Related Links and References ?????????
  • ltltGRE Writing Skillsgtgt
  • http//www.novapress.net/gre/writing.html
  • http//www.west.net/stewart/ws/
  • http//www.west.net/stewart/grewa/wa101.htmWhosc
    ores
  • ltltETS introduction to GRE Analytical Writinggtgt
  • http//web.mit.edu/gso/mymsrp/handouts/internpdfs/
    awintro.pdf
  • http//www.ets.org
  • http//thedoublee.blogspot.com/2007/04/argument.ht
    ml

25
  • ltltfree GRE general test materials, including
    scoring details, sample tests and answersgtgt
  • http//www.ets.org/portal/site/ets/menuitem.148851
    2ecfd5b8849a77b13bc3921509/?vgnextoid302b66f22c6a
    5010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRDvgnextchanneld687e3b
    5f64f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD
  • ltlt????gtgt
  • Stewart, Mark Alan. Writing Skills for the
    GRE/GMAT. Lawrenceville Petersons, 2002.

26
  • ltltwriting suggestions on issue, opinion
    argument essaysgtgt
  • http//www.writefix.com/argument/
  • http//www.rscc.cc.tn.us/owlwritingcenter/OWL/Arg
    ument.html
  • http//www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.h
    tml
  • http//www.studygs.net/wrtstr4.htm
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