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GNSS FOR CIVIL AVIATION

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Title: GNSS FOR CIVIL AVIATION


1
GNSS FOR CIVIL AVIATION
2
PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
  • Global Scenario
  • Performance Based Navigation
  • Automatic Dependent Surveillance
  • GNSS Survey
  • Ionospheric Data Collection Workshop
  • Summary

3
37TH SESSION ICAO ASSEMBLY
  • Resolution A37-11 (28 Sept 8 Oct,
    2010)supersedes Resolution A36-23 (18 28 Sep,
    2007)
  • Urges all States to complete a national PBN
    implementation plan as soon as possible to
    achieve
  • PBN for en-route and terminal areas (according to
    established timelines and intermediate
    milestones)
  • PBN approach procedures with vertical guidance
    (APV) for all instrument runway ends (as primary
    or back-up for precision approach) by 2016 30
    by 2010, 70 -- by 2014
  • Requirement to add LNAV minima to any approach
    chart for approach procedures with vertical
    guidance
  • Allow States to publish LNAV only approach if no
    traffic equipped (avionics) for operations with
    vertical guidance

4
GNSS MANUAL (Doc 9849)
  • ICAO GNSS Manual (Doc 9849) being updated/revised
    by the NSP
  • Hurdles in the path of GNSS implementation were
    identified by NSP and mitigation of these hurdles
    are proposed to be addressed in the document
  • Document refers to the Global Air Navigation Plan
    (ICAO Doc 9750) and calls for early
    implementation of GNSS linking it with Global
    Plan Initiatives (GPI), applications like PBN,
    ADS-B, ADS-C etc.
  • Document briefly discusses Safety Case, Business
    Case and the transition plans.
  • Document discusses Performance Requirements, Core
    Satellite Constellations, Augmentation Systems,
    GNSS Vulnerabilities, GNSS Evolution,
    Implementation of GNSS-Based Services etc. in
    seven chapters and four appendices
  • The Document provides a very good guidance for
    those who are connected with GNSS implementation
    and usage

5
BENEFITSCAPACITY -- EFFICIENCY
  • ATLANTA TRIALS
  • Improvement runway utilization Atlanta (ATL)
  • Worlds busiest airport
  • Approx 94 of daily departures RNAV capable
  • More departure lanes and exit points
  • Capacity gain of 9 12 departures/hour
  • Repeatable and predictable paths
  • Benefits
  • Increased throughput
  • Reduced departure delays
  • 30M annual benefit (at 2007 levels)

6
FUEL SAVINGS/EMISSIONS REDUCED
  • Continuous Descent Operation (CDO)
  • North Arrival STAR Atlanta (ATL)
  • 144 liters of fuel savings and 360 kg reduction
    in CO2 emissions per flight
  • North Arrival STAR at Miami (MIA)
  • 182 197 liters of fuel savings and 460 500 kg
    reduction of CO2 emissions per flight
  • Before RNAV
    After RNAV

7
ROADBLOCKS
  • Lack of Expertise
  • Airspace Development
  • Operational approval process
  • Pilot and Air Traffic Controllers Training
  • Coordination between stakeholders
  • National
  • Regional
  • Clearing some misconceptions
  • PBN is not a new navigation philosophy, but is
    just a tool to implement navigation concept for
    aircraft capability which has existed for more
    than three decades
  • Does not need the States to overhaul complete
    navigational infrastructure, but can be
    implemented step-by-step
  • Navspec based on operational needs hence need
    not be most advanced

8
PBN INITIATIVES
  • Guidance Materials CDO Manual (Doc 9931),
    Airspace Design Manual, Ops Approval Manual,
    revised GNSS Manual etc.
  • Education Training being organized on Airspace
    Design, CDO design, Procedure Design and Ops
    Approval etc. by ICAO Asia Pacific Office Flight
    Procedure Programme (FPP)
  • Implementation Assistance GO Team, in
    coordination with IATA visits reasonably advanced
    (PBN) States to provide implementation assistance
  • Global Coordination Global coordination
    processes have been developed to exchange
    information/expereinces

9
PBN/TF/8
  • Eighth Meeting of the Asia Pacific Performance
    Based Navigation Task Force (PBN/TF/8) was held
    in New Delhi, India on 12 13 May, 2011.
  • The Meeting was preceded by a PBN Seminar and
    Workshop held in the same venue from 9 to 11 May
    2011
  • The Workshop provided information on the Airspace
    Concept and used recent development in Kapitali
    TMA of Kapitali Airport, Coldland as a simulation
    exercise.
  • In the Seminar, States and international
    organizations exchanged information on the
    developments that are taking place in the global
    scenario.
  • After reviewing the outcome of a survey conducted
    to assess States readiness to use RNP4 (30 NM
    lateral separation), it was concluded that
    presently the use of RNP4 standards is likely to
    be applied only where a strategic advantage can
    be derived.

10
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST
(ADS-B) Out
  • Regional Mandates
  • Australia a) Mandate ADS-B for upper airspace (gt
    FL 290) in Dec 2009
  • b) SA-Aware receiver will
    be required 28 June 2012
  • Hong Kong, China Use of ADS-B out
  • a) After 31 Dec 2013 for
    aircraft flying over PBN routes L642 or M771
    between FL 290 and FL410
  • b) After 31 Dec 2014 for aircraft flying
    within Hong Kong FIR between FL290 to FL410
  • Singapore (CAAS AIC 14, 28 Dec 2010)
  • a) Implement use of ADS-B Out after 12 Dec
    2013 within certain parts of Singapore FIR (FLgt
    290)
  • Other APAC Regulatory Agencies
  • a) Expected to follow ADS-B Avionics
    Requirements Template APANPIRG Conclusion 21/39

11
ADS-B OUT OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS
  • Non Radar Area
  • Safety Enhancement
  • Traffic Management SSR like
  • Capacity increase by reducing separation to SSR
    like (e.g. 5NM)
  • Reduction in cost of operation for aircraft (like
    better flight level)
  • Radar Area
  • Enables decommissioning of redundant SSRs
    providing same level of service
  • Expected to be the primary means of surveillance
    with radar as back-up
  • Usable in combination with other surveillance
    sensors like Wide Area Multi-lateration, SSR, PSR
    etc.
  • Airport Applications
  • New tool for surface movement surveillance
  • Integrated with A-SMGCS expected to fulfill
    airport requirements

12
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST
(ADS-B) IN
  • No ADS-B In regulatory mandate foreseen at this
    time
  • Mature Standards and Operational Procedures are
    required for achieving the operational benefits.
  • RTCA DO-317 Minimum Operational Performance
    Standards (MOPS) for ASAS published in April
    2009.
  • ADS-B In functions include airborne situation
    awareness, approach situation awareness and
    airport surface situation awareness.
  • ADS-B In benefits
  • Provides Safety enhancement
  • In Trail Procedures provide economic benefit by
    increasing the chance of being granted higher
    preferential altitude, thus reducing fuel
    consumption

13
ADS-B SITF/10
  • Tenth Meeting of ADS-B Study and Implementation
    Task Force was held in Singapore from 26 to 29
    April 2011. Meeting was attended by 78
    participants from 18 administrations and three
    international organizations
  • Meeting formulated a draft Conclusion adopting
    guidance material on building a Safety Case for
    Delivery of an ADS-B Separation Service. 
  • Meeting noted that ICAO Circular 311 had been
    withdrawn and had been replaced with ICAO
    Circular 326.
  • Revised Sample Agreement for Data Sharing
    adopted, revised agreement more comprehensive,
    precise, simple, easier to read and more
    acceptable. Number of annexes reduced. New
    agreement used between Singapore and Indonesia.
  • Meeting agreed that cooperation in supporting VHF
    voice communication of other State equally
    important as ADS-B of other State. Draft
    Conclusion adopted urging States to support VHF
    radio air/ground communication infrastructure of
    adjacent State and coordinate with ICAO regional
    office and national telecom authorities for
    assignment of VHF frequency

14
GNSS SURVEY
  • APANPIRG/21 (September 2010) noted with concern
    slow progress of GNSS implementation in the
    region.
  • To assess level of GNSS implementation in the
    region, survey questionnaire circulated through
    APAC State Letter dated 30 November 2010.
  • Response has been received from 23
    Administrations (out of 40) at an overall
    response rate of 57.5. Efforts are being made
    to get response from more States.
  • Survey outcome depicting level of GNSS
    implementation in Asia/Pacific region is provided
    in the following slides

15
SURVEY OUTCOME
  • Most States have developed GNSS implementation
    plan, in the remaining States no formal plan is
    there but they are implementing selected GNSS
    applications
  • Most States according approval on Supplementary
    basis for RNAV, SID/STARs, Non Precision
    Approach, Approach with Vertical Guidance and
    Precision Approach. Many States according
    approval for Oceanic/Remote Areas on Only Means
    basis
  • Many States have received request from
    domestic/international airline operators to
    implement GNSS based services. Others have
    adopted GNSS based applications on their own
  • Most of the States in the region have completed
    WGS-84 survey both for waypoints and for
    airports. Few States have not completed survey
    for waypoints and/or all their airports.
  • Some States have not developed any mechanism to
    maintain their database (including WGS 84
    data).

16
SURVEY OUTCOME (Contd.)
  • More than half the States, which responded have
    drawn up decommissioning plan for conventional
    navigation aids. Decommission in 5 to 15 years.
  • Most of the States already published their
    National Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Plan,
    but some States have not sent copy of their plan
    to Regional office. Almost all the States have
    used ICAO GNSS Manual (Doc 9849) for guidance.
  • About 70of the States plan to promulgate PBN
    approaches based on GNSS and/or Conventional
    navigation aids.
  • About 30 of the responding States plan to
    implement SBAS and about 70 plan to implement
    GBAS.
  • Many of the responding States using ADS-C and are
    planning to implement ADS-B
  • About 80 of the States which responded informed
    that they need help/guidance from ICAO in the
    development and implementation of their GNSS plan

17
WORKSHOP ON IONOSPHERIC STUDIES
  • APANPIRG /20 held in September 2009 observed that
    characterization of ionosphere in the region
    useful for the implementation of GNSS
    applications
  • A coordinated study should be carried out.
  • ICAO invited to identify Focal Contact Points
  • 11 Focal Contact points have been nominated by 11
    States
  • APANPIRG/21 (September 2010) recognized that many
    States in the region lie in the Equatorial region
    and hence GNSS severely affected by ionospheric
    activity
  • Supported proposed regional level
    coordination/cooperation for collection of
    ionospheric data and its analysis, ultimate
    objective of developing a regional ionospheric
    threat model

18
WORKSHOP ON IONOSPHERIC STUDIES (Contd.)
  • Japan invited to provide technical leadership for
    Workshop and ICAO invited to support development
    of a measurement campaign
  • Noted that this cooperation/coordination more
    important for collection of data during solar
    maximum period , which is expected in 2013/2014
  • Noted that sharing of archival data available
    with States will be useful
  • Workshop on Ionospheric Data Collection, Analysis
    and Sharing to Support GNSS Implementation held
    on 5 and 6 May 2011, in the ICAO APAC Office,
    Bangkok
  • Workshop facilitated by Dr. Susumu Saito, Senior
    Researcher, Japan Electronics Navigation Research
    Institute (ENRI) was attended by 20 experts from
    9 administrations

19
WORKSHOP OBJECTIVE
  • To enhance understanding of ionospheric issues in
    GNSS operations
  • To exchange information and experience gained on
    GNSS and ionosphere related activities by each
    Administration
  • To understand the need to carry out the
    ionospheric studies
  • To discuss a common procedure for collecting
    ionospheric data by Administrations
  • Ultimate outcome is a standard ionospheric model
    for GNSS operations applicable throughout the
    Region and
  • The final goal to facilitate GNSS implementation
    in the Asia and Pacific Regions by mitigating
    ionospheric issues

20
WORKSHOP OUTCOME
  • Appreciated large ionospheric variability
    associated with the Equatorial Anomaly.
  • Agreement to share data at levels 0, 1 or above.
  • Huge size of raw data may not be practical to
    share
  • Template will be developed for Ionospheric Data
    Collection
  • Explore with other Agencies (including UN) on the
    possibility of sharing GNSS data
  • Mechanism for analysis of GNSS data to be
    decided.
  • RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange) format
    generally acceptable for raw data

21
LEVEL OF DATA TO BE SHARED
IONOSPHERIC DELAY SCINTILLATION
Level 3 -- Vertical delay at grid points -- Delay gradient Level 3 -- Irregularity drift velocity
Level 2 -- Slant delay (slant delay for each satellite, satellite position, biases) Level 2 -- Scintillation indices (amplitude and phase and correlation coefficients and lag times, if applicable)
Level 1 -- Human readable (e.g. RINEX) raw data (pseudo range, carrier phase and lock-time for each satellite, ephemeris) Level 1 -- Receiver independent raw data (time-series and carrier phase for each satellite, ephemeris)
Level 0 -- Receiver specific raw data Level 0 -- Receiver specific raw data
22
WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Workshop developed following recommendations for
    the consideration of CNS/MET Sub Group of
    APANPIRG
  • States urged to coordinate with their relevant
    national organization for sharing available GNSS
    data
  • Task Force needs to be established to identify
    need for Regional Ionospheric Threat Model for
    GBAS and SBAS and create them if required
  • ICAO Regional Office to coordinate with APEC GIT
    for initiative being carried out for ionospheric
    data collection
  • APEC Economies requested to support initiative by
    encouraging relevant agencies to share data
    collected with civil aviation community

23
SUMMARY
  • APEC States requested to support APANPIRG
    initiative of ionospheric data collection and
    development of a threat model
  • Economies requested to help in providing archival
    ionospheric data and facilitate sharing of data
    with other agencies in their Administration
    engaged in ionospheric data-collection and
    analysis
  • APEC GIT requested to facilitate sharing of
    ionospheric and other GNSS related data from
    Test-bed Project, marine and surface
    transportation sectors
  • Economies are requested to complete WGS-84 survey
    to facilitate speedy implementation of GNSS
  • APEC GIT requested to share information regarding
    GNSS implementation in other transportation
    sector and provide guidance for improving the
    implementation level in aviation sector

24
THANK YOU!
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