??t???

1
??t???ß???e?a????ep?d?as? a?t???ß???a? ? µe t??
???
?a?a???d?? ?ate???a ??? ?e??a??
2
?t?µ?
??e?t?????e-
?et????? n
-

???t???? p
?????a?
3
?t?µ?

• ?? ?t?µ? ap?te?e?ta? ap?
• F??t?? ???a
• ???t???a 1
• ?et????a ??d?te?? 1
• ??e?t????a - aµe??t?a

???a at?µ?? ???t???a ?et????a
-

?t?µ? ??e?t???? ??d?te??? ???t???a ??e?t????a
4
?t?µ?

• ?t?µ???? a???µ?? (?) ????µ?? p??t?????
• ?a????? a???µ?? (?) ????µ?? p??t????? (?)
  ????µ?? ?et?????? (?)
• A Z N

7 3
?a????? a???µ?? ? 7
Li
?t?µ???? a???µ?? Z 3
?t?µ???? a???µ?? Z 3
????µ?? ?et?????? ? 4
5
?t?µ?

• ? at?µ???? a???µ?? ?a?a?t????e? t? st???e??
• ?e???e? t? ??s? t?? st?? pe???d??? p??a?a

6
?s?t?pa

• ?a ?s?t?pa e??a? ?t?µa t?? ?d??? st???e??? p??
  ????? d?af??et??? µa???? a???µ? (?)
• ??af??et???? a???µ?? ?et?????? ?
• ?d??? at?µ???? a???µ?? ? (a???µ??
  p??t?????/??e?t??????)
• ????? ?d?e? ??µ???? ?d??t?te?

6 Z 6 6 N 8 12 A 14
?s?t?pa????a?a
p
n
12 6
14 6
C
C
7
?ad?e????e?a
8
?? 1896 ? Henri Becquerel pa?at???se ?t? ??a
????t? p?? pe??e??e ??????? e??peµpe a??at?
a?t???ß???a .
? a?t???ß???a a?t? ?ta? e?a??et??? d?e?sd?t??? ,
d?ape????se t? µa??? ?a?t? - pe??t????µa t??
????t??- ?a? aµa????e t?? f?t???af??? p???a.
Henri Becquerel (1896) ??µpe? F?s???? 1903
9
?ad?e????e?a

• ????? st???e?a ????? ?s?t?pa p?? e??a? asta??
• ?? p????e? t??? d?asp??ta? se ?????? µe
  e?e?????s? e????e?a?
• ? d?ad??as?a ???µ??eta? ?ad?e????e?a

10
?ad?e????e?a

• ?at? t? d??spas? e?p?µp??ta?
• S?µat?d?a a ?????e? ????? 42He Staµat??? se f????
  ?a?t???
• S?µat?d?a ß-??e?t????a Staµat??? se f????
  a???µ?????
• ??t???ß???a ? ??e?t??µa???t??? µe???eta? ap?pa??
  st??µa µ???ßd??

11
?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??

• ?? s?????sµ??e? d?asp?se?? e??a?
• ???spas? µe e?p?µp? s?µat?d??? a
• ???spas? µe e?p?µp? s?µat?d??? ß
• S?????? ??e?t??????

12
??asp?se?? µe e?p?µp? s?µat?d??? a

• ??p?µpeta? ??a s?µat?d?? a (42?e)
• ? at?µ???? a???µ?? (?) e?att??eta? ?at? 2
• ? µa????? a???µ?? (?) e?att??eta? ?at? 4

??????? µ?t????? p????a?
T??at????? p????a?
p
n
? -2 ? -4
13
??asp?se?? µe e?p?µp? s?µat?d??? ß

• ??p?µpeta? ??a s?µat?d?? ß- (??e?t?????)
• ? at?µ???? a???µ?? (?) a????eta? ?at? 1
• ? µa????? a???µ?? (?) pa?aµ??e? ?d???

??????? µ?t????? p????a?
T??at????? p????a?
p
n
? 1 ? ?d???
8737Rb ? 8738Sr ß- e????e?a
14
??asp?se?? µe s?????? ??e?t??????

• S???aµß??eta? ??a t????a?? ??e?t????? ap? t??
  p????a
• ? at?µ???? a???µ?? (?) µe???eta? ?at? 1
• ? µa????? a???µ?? (?) pa?aµ??e? ?d???

??????? µ?t????? p????a?
T??at????? p????a?
p
n
? -1 ? ?d???
4019K e- ? 4018Ar ? e????e?a
15
??µ?? ?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??

• ? a???µ?? t?? p?????? (dN) p?? d?asp??ta? st?
  µ???da t?? ?????? (dt) e??a? a??????? t??
  s???????? a???µ?? (?) t?? ?pa????t?? p??????
• ? sta?e?? d?asp?se?? t?? st???e???
• ???a? ?a?a?t???st??? ??a ???e st???e??
• p?. ??a t? Ra (?0,0004273 a?? ?????)
• ?????e? t?? p??a??t?ta ?a d?aspaste? ??a? p????a?
  st? µ???da t?? ??????
• Sta 10.000.000 ?t?µa Ra, d?asp??ta? 4273 a?? ?????

16
??µ?? ?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??
-ln N ?t C
t0 NNo C -ln No
-ln N ?t - ln No ? -ln N - ln No -?t ?
ln N/No -?t ? N/No e-?t ? N Noe-?t
17
??µ?? ?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??
? ??e-?t

• N a???µ?? t?? p?????? p?? pa?aµ????? µet? ap?
  ????? t
• No ? a???µ?? t?? a?????? p?????? se ????? t0

18
??µ?? ?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??-?????? ?µ?????

• ?µ?pe???d?? ???? ? ?????? p?? apa?te?ta? ??a ?a
  d?aspast??? ?? µ?s?? ap? t??? a??????? p????e?
  e??? ?ad?e?e???? ?s?t?p??
• G?a ???e ?s?t?p? e??a? sta?e?? ?a? de?
  ep??e??eta? ap? ?a???a ??µ??? ? f?s??? pa?????ta
• Sta?e?? d?asp?se?? ? 0,693/?
• N Noe-?t ? N/No e-?t ?
• G?a t?? ?µ?pe???d? ???? ? ? N/No 1/2
• 1/2 e-?T ? ln(1/2) -?? ? -0,693 -?? ? ?
  0,693/?

19
??µ?? ?ad?e?e???? d?asp?se??-?????? ?µ?????
??t????? p????e? ?
? a???µ?? ad??spast?? p?????? se ?????
t ?o a?????? a???µ?? p?????? ? sta?e?? d?asp?se??
(a?t?st??f? t?? ?µ?pe???d?? ????)
1/2
T??at????? p????e? D
? ?? e-?t
1/4
????µ?? p??????
1/8
1/16
1/32
?µ?pe???d?? ????
20
A????ep?d?as? ??t???ß???a? ? µe t?? ???
21
?????ep?d?as? a?t???ß???a?-? µe t?? ???
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe?? (?aµ???? e????e?e?
f?t?????) ????? ap????f?s? t?? f?t?????
Compton scattering (e????e?e? 1 MeV) ?e????
ap????f?s? f?t?????
?????µ?t? d?d?µ? ???es? ???p???s? f?t????? se
?e???? ??e?t??????-p???t??????
22
?????ep?d?as? a?t???ß???a?-? µe t?? ???
?a d?af??et??? e?d? a????ep?d?as?? t??
a?t???ß???a? ? µe t?? ??? s??a?t?se? t??
e????e?a? t?? f?t????? ?a? t?? at?µ???? a???µ??
t?? ?????? µe t? ?p???? a????ep?d????
23
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??
?? f?t???e?t???? fa???µe?? a?a?a??f???e ap? t??
Hertz t? 1887, ?at? t?? d????e?a t?? pe??aµ?t??
t?? ??a t?? d??d?s? ??e?t??µa???t???? ??µ?t??. ?
Hertz p??t?? e??e d?ap?st?se? ?t? ?? ?a?a???
µeta?????? ep?f??e?e? e?p?µp??? f??t?a ?ta?
e?t??e?ta? se ?pe???de? f??
24
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??
??t??s? t?? d??aµ???? V0 p?? apa?te?ta? ??a ?a
µ?de??ste? t? ?e?µa . ??t? t? d??aµ???
s?et??eta? µe t?? ????t??? e????e?a t??
??e?t??????
eV0 KE max mv max2
????pe??e??a pe??aµat??? ded?µ??a
25
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??
Hallwachs ?.a 1889? Ta e?peµp?µe?a s?µ?t?a
ap?sp??ta? ???? t?? p??sp?pt??t?? f?t??
(Hallwachs 1889) ? ?? fa???µe?? ?fe??eta? st??
e?p?µp? a???t??? f??t?sµ???? s?µat?d???
Lenard ?a? J.J. Thomson 1889? ?a e?peµp?µe?a
s?µ?t?a e??a? ??e?t????a
(Elster ?a? Geitel 1891? ?? f?t??e?µa e??a?
a?????? t?? ??tas?? t?? f?t??
26
Lenard 1902 ? ?? ????t???? e????e?e? t??
e?peµp?µe??? ??e?t?????? e??a? a?e???t?te? ap?
t?? ??tas? t?? f?t?? !!!!!!
??t??s? t?? d??aµ???? V0 p?? apa?te?ta? ??a ?a
µ?de??ste? t? ?e?µa. ??t? t? d??aµ??? s?et??eta?
µe t?? ????t??? e????e?a t?? ??e?t??????

eV0 KE max mv max2
27
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??????pe??e??a pe??aµat???
ded?µ??a
Lenard 1902 ? ?? ????t???? e????e?e? t??
e?peµp?µe??? ??e?t?????? e??a? a?e???t?te? ap?
t?? ??tas? t?? f?t?? !!!!!!
Lenard 1902 ? de? e?p?µp??ta? ??e?t????a a? ?
s????t?ta e??a? µ????te?? µ?a? t?µ?? s????t?ta
?at?f????
Lenard 1902 ? ?a e?peµp?µe?a ??e?t????a ?????
µ???st? ????t??? e????e?a p?? e??a? t?s?
µe?a??te?? ?s? µe?a??te?? e??a? ? s????t?ta t??
f?t??
28
?e? e???e?ta? µe ß?s? t?? ??µat??? f?s? t??
f?t?? ?a? t? f?? e??a? ??µat??? fa???µe?? ?a
p??pe? ?a??? a????eta? ? ??tas? t?? p??sp?pt??t??
f?t??, d??ad? ?a??? a????eta? ? ????? e????e?a
p?? p??sp?pte? st?? ep?f??e?a ) ?a p??sd?deta?
a??et? e????e?a ??a t?? ape?e?????s? ??e?t??????
a?e?a?t?t?? t?? s????t?ta? t?? p??sp?tp??sa?
a?t???ß???a?.
Ta ?p?epe ? e????e?a t?? e?peµp?µe??? ??e?t??????
?a e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? ??tas? t?? p??sp?pt??t??
f?t??
29
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??-??µ??e?a
Einstein G?a t?? e?µ??e?a t?? f?t???e?t?????
fa???µ???? p??pe? ?a ?e????e? ?t? t? f??
ap?te?e?ta? ap? s?µat?d?a ?ß??ta f?t?? ? f?t???a
?a f?t???a ????? e????e?a ?a? ??µ?!!!
Sta?e?? t?? Planck
30
F?t???e?t???? fa???µe??-??µ??e?a
??a ?ß??t? f?t?? d??e? ??? t?? e????e?a t??, hf,
se ??a µ??? ??e?t????? t?? µet?????. ?a
??e?t????a p?? e?p?µp??ta? ap? t?? ep?f??e?a t??
µet????? ????? t? µ???st? ????t??? e????e?a Kmax.
?ts? ? µ???st? ????t??? e????e?a ??a a?t? ta
e?peµp?µe?a ??e?t????a e??a?
KE max eV0 hf - W
?p?? W e??a? t? ???? e?a????? ??a t? µ?ta???, t?
?p??? a?t?st???e? st?? e????st? e????e?a p??
p??pe? ?a d??e? st? ??e?t????? p???e?µ???? ?a
ap?spas?e? ap? t? µ?ta???.
?at? s???pe?a ? ??af??? pa??stas? t?? ????t????
e????e?a? (d??ad? t?? d??aµ???? ap???p??)
s??a?t?se? t?? s????t?ta? f e??a? µ?a e??e?a t??
?p??a? ? ???s? s?et??eta? µe t? sta?e?? Planck's
constant h ?a? t?µ?e? t?? ????a x st? s????t?ta
?at?f???? (fc) ?p?? V0 0
fc W/h
31
?? F???????? COMPTON
32
?? F???????? COMPTON
? ??as??? ??µat??? ?e???a ad??at??se ?a e????se?
t? s??das? a?t???? ? ap? e?e??e?a ??e?t????a.
????ß?epe ?t? ? p??sp?pt??sa a?t???ß???a
s????t?ta? f0 ?a ?p?epe ?a ep?ta???e? ??a
??e?t????? st?? ?ate????s? d??d?s?? t??
p??sp?pt??sa? a?t???ß???a?. ?? µ???? ??µat?? t??
s?eda??µe??? a?t???ß???a? ?p?epe ?a e?a?t?ta? ap?
t? ??????? d??st?µa ?at? t? ?p??? t? ??e?t?????
e?t??eta? st?? p??sp?pt??sa a?t???ß???a, ?a???
?a? ap? t?? ??tas? t?? p??sp?pt??sa? a?t???ß???a?.
? Compton ap?de??e pe??aµat??? ?t? ? µetat?p?s?
t?? µ????? ??µat?? t?? s?eda??µe??? a?t???? ? se
µ?a ded?µ??? ????a e??a? te?e??? a?e???t?t? ap?
t?? ??tas? t?? a?t???ß???a? ?a? ap? t? ???????
d????e?a t?? ???es??, a??? e?a?t?ta? µ??? ap? t?
????a s??das??.
Nobel Prize in 1927
33
?????? G???S?
34
? ?????? G???S?
? d?d?µ? ???es? af??? t?? a????ep?d?as? e???
f?t????? µe ??a ???? f?t???? t? ?p??? e?p?µpeta?
e?te ap? t?? p????a e?te ap? at?µ??? ??e?t????a,
d??ad? ??a f?t???? t? ?p??? e?p?µpeta? ap? f??t?a
??a f?t???? t? ?p??? ?a a????ep?d??se? e?s???eta?
e?? pa??????a ?p???e? ?a? ??a? p????a? ? ?p????
a?t???ß??e? ??a ???? f?t???? ?a? a?a????eta?. ??
f?t???? t? ?p??? a?t???ß??????e ap? t?? p????a
a????ep?d?? µe t? f?t???? p?? ?a ???e? t? d?d?µ?
???es?, a?ta???ss??? ??a ?pe?ßat??? ??e?t?????
?a? pa???eta? ??a ?e???? ??e?t??????
p???t??????.
?? fa???µe?? t?? d?d?µ?? ???es?? e??a?
apa???e?µ??? st?? ??ass??? F?s??? ?a? sta p?a?s??
t??
?????? p?ste???? ?a??asµ??a ?t? ?at? t? d?d?µ?
???es? ??a ??p????? ?????? ??a f?t???? sp?e? se
??a ?e???? ??e?t?????? ?a? p???t??????. ??t?
e??a? ????µat??? apa???e?µ???. ?e? e??a? d??at??
??a s?µ?t?? µe µ?de???? µ??a ??eµ?a? ?a
d?aspaste? ?a? ?a d?se? d?? ???a s?µ?t?a µe µ??a
??eµ?a? d?af??et??? t?? µ?de???.
35
???????????S? FO????O? ?? ??? ???
sp.e f?t???e?t???? fa???µe??, ????sµ?? t??
at?µ?? sRayleigh S??das? t?? f?t????? ap? t?
?t?µ? s??????? (t? ?t?µ? ??te ?????eta?, ??te
d?e?e??eta?) sCompton S??das? Compton se
?µ?d?sµ?a ??e?t????a, ????sµ?? knuc. ??d?µ?
????es? st? ?.?. ped?? t?? p????a ke ??d?µ?
????es? st? ?.?. ped?? t?? at?µ???? ??e?t??????
36
??as????s? a?t???ß???a? ??µµa
H ??as????s? t?? a?t???ß???a? ??µµa µ?sa ap? t??
??? ?fe??eta? st?? a????ep?d?as? t?? µ?s? t??
t???? fa???µ???? f?t???e?t???? , Compton,
d?d?µ?? ???es?
37
?s??se??
38
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