Lynn Erickson The Integration of Thinking

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Lynn Erickson Slides

• These slides may be used on a limited basis to
  share information in your school or school
  district with appropriate credits to
• H. Lynn Erickson.

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The Integration of Thinking
The Key to Deep Understanding the Transfer of
Knowledge
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Lets think about Is integration about what
we do with subjects or is it really a
cognitive process? How is knowledge
structured? How does that structure reflect
the different levels of thinking? What is a
conceptual lens and why is it essential to
the integration of thinking? How can we
adapt our instructional units to support the
integration of student thinking at a higher
level. What does integrated thinking and
teaching look like?
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The Structure of Knowledge

• Economic depression in one country can
• significantly impact other nations.
• In times of crisis, individual leaders can
• exert power and shape the course of
• events.

Scarcity Supply Demand Economic Depression
Leadership
The Great Depression
At which levels does knowledge transfer?
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Concept
A concept is an organizing idea a mental
construct...

• Timeless
• Universal
• Abstract
• Represented by 1 or 2 words
• Examples share common attributes

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Examples of Subject Area Concepts

• -Science
• Order
• Organism
• Population
• System
• Change
• Evolution
• Cycle
• Interaction
• Energy/Matter
• Equilibrium

• Conflict/Cooperation
• Patterns
• Populations
• System
• Change/Continuity
• Culture
• Evolution
• Civilization
• Migration/Immigration
• Interdependence

• -Writers Craft
• Organization
• Word Choice
• Context
• Conventions
• Fluency
• Voice
• Presentation
• Symbolism
• Allegory
• Metaphor
• Protagonist
• Antagonist

-Literary Themes
- Social Studies

• Prejudice
• Perspective
• Conflict
• Cooperation
• Power
• Relationships
• Envy
• Emotions
• Oppression
• Influence

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Examples of Subject Area Concepts

• Visual Art
• Rhythm
• Line
• Color
• Value
• Shape
• Texture
• Form
• Space
• Angle

• Music
• Rhythm
• Melody
• Harmony
• Tone
• Pitch
• Form
• Tempo
• Timbre
• Pattern

• Mathematics
• Number
• Ratio
• Proportion
• Symmetry
• Probability
• Pattern
• Order
• Quantification
• System

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GENERALIZATIONS ARE SUMMARIES OF THOUGHT

• WHAT DO I UNDERSTAND AS A RESULT OF MY STUDY
  THAT I CAN TRANSFER?

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GENERALIZATIONEnduring Understanding

• Two or more concepts in a relationship...

Concept
Concept
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS THAT TRANSFER DEVELOP DEEP
UNDERSTANDING
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The Structure of Knowledge
The student understands that...___________________
__________________________________.
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2
1
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The Integration of Thinking The Power of a
Conceptual Lens
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The American Media
Conceptual Lens?
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The American Media
Persuasive Force
Conceptual lens
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Conceptual Lens?
Significant Individuals in History
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Leadership
Conceptual lens
Significant Individuals in History
The conceptual lens integrates thinking at a
level beyond the facts.
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Conceptual Lens_________________
Topic_______________
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Sample Conceptual Lenses Conflict Comple
xity Beliefs/Values Paradox Interdependence
Interactions Freedom Transformations Identity Patt
erns Relationships Origins Change Revolution Persp
ective Reform Power Influence System Balance Struc
ture/Function Innovation  Design Genius  Aesthetic
Heroes  Force Creativity            
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To develop the intellect and increase motivation
for learning, curriculum and instruction must
create a synergy between the lower (factual)
and higher (conceptual) levels of thinking.
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The Conceptual Mind engages the Personal Intellect
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• creates connections to prior experience and
• finds relevance
• synergistically works with factual level
  knowledge
• to develop the intellect
• creates deeper understanding at the factual and
• conceptual levels
• recognizes the transferablity of knowledge.
• creates the motivation for learning

It is the conceptual mind that
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The Integration of ThinkingAdapting
Instructional Units
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Coordinated, Multidisciplinary
Topic Organizer
A Little Art
A Little Math
Use of Language Processes
The Human Body
A Little Science
The Potpourri Unit of facts activities
A Little Literature
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Integration refers to the cognitive process of
seeing patterns and connections at the conceptual
levelof thinking.
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This cognitive processing requires an
integrating, conceptual lens such as
Interdependence or System to set up the
intellectual synergy between the factual and
conceptual levels of the mind.
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Integrated, Interdisciplinary
Literature
Conceptual Lens
System
The Human Body (Science concepts) The Scarlet
Ibis (J. Hurst) (limits of the human body) To
the Top Annapurna (Blum) (endurance,
respiratory system)
Health
Wellness Nutrition Eating Disorders Weight
Management Substance Abuse Diseases
Physical Education
The Human Body
Body Control Movement Coordination Musculatory
System Fitness Endurance
Science
Math Calculations heart rate, body
mass, Statistics Measurements height,
weight Ratios Charts graphs
Art
Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive
System, etc. Function structure Interdependence

Draw a body symmetry, line, shape
Human forms - art realism, abstract, cubist
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The goal of integration...
... is to facilitate integrated, higher level
thinking.

• The conceptual lens
• pulls thinking to the
• integration level.

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History Early explorers Immigrants State
historical events Significant individuals and
ideas that shaped the development of the
state and regions Interactions that shaped
the development
Interdependence (lens)
Grade 4
Culture
Indigenous peoples - ways of living - use
of resources - then and now Explorers and
settlers - the impact of merging cultures -
daily lives State symbols, monuments,
statues
Getting to Know Our State and Region
Geography Place and location of state within
the U.S. relative to other state other
regions in the world Geographic features
- landforms, bodies of water, soils,
vegetation, climate Geographic tools to
consider spatial concepts location,
distance, direction, scale, movement...
Human/Environmental interactions - Plant
and Animal Life
Economics Land use in state and region -
industrial, recreational, commercial,
residential Economic activities - location
of businesses related to factors of
production, consumption and distribution -
Impact of technology on the economy (state
and region) Opportunity cost - The value of
the best alternative passed by (not selected)
Cost/benefit Economic incentives Barter as
trade Specialization Price changes supply
and demand Human resource - labor Inflation
deflation
Government State government - Structure,
function, responsibilities Power and
Authority Limited and unlimited governments
Taxation individuals, business Rules and
Laws Citizenship - Personal and civic
Relationship of state to federal government
The common good
(Concepts italicized)
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Grade 4
Interdependence Getting to Know Our State and
Region

• Culture
• Indigenous peoples depend on the environment for
  resources to meet basic
• needs.
• 2. Explorers extend the boundaries of human
  experience in search of wealth, power, and new
  opportunities.
• 3. Settlers to a region adapt their lifestyle
  to fit the environment.
• 4. States and regions develop an identity
  based on their history, geography, economics and
  culture.

Idea-Centered
Economics 1. The geography and economy of a
region suggest the kinds of industry. 2. The
geography and economy of a region suggest the
methods of production and product or service
distribution. 3. Current communication and
transportation technologies allow goods to be
produced in distant locations at a lower cost,
and shipped to market. 4. Technology can replace
many human labor tasks in industry.
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Industrialization and Paradox
Grade8
History Native Americans - attitudes and
policies toward Native Americans by
government officials, the U.S. Army,
missionaries, and settlers - Dawes
Severalty Act of 1877
Economics Industrialization, the advent of
the modern corporation, and material
well-being - ideas of business leaders to
limit competition and maximize profits
Farming, mining, and ranching - commercial
farming in the Northeast, South, Great
Plains, and West . Differences in terms of
crop production, farm labor,
financing, and transportation
Culture Growth of cities - response of urban
leaders, such as architects and
philanthropists to the challenges of
rapid urbanization Immigration after 1870
- changing patterns volume, ethnicity,
religion, language, place of origin, and
motives - response of Catholic and Jewish
immigrants to religious discrimination
New cultural movements
The Development of the Industrial United
States 1870-1900

Geography Industrialization and the
environment - impact of rapid
industrialization, extractive mining
techniques, and the gridiron pattern of
urban growth on the environment
Government Growth of cities and changes in
urban life - increasing power of urban
political machines and how they were
viewed by immigrants and middle class
reformers
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The Development of the Industrial.1870-1900
Middle School

• Economics/Culture
• Industrialization and large increases in
  immigrant populations create rapid urbanization.
• Economics/Culture
• 2. Labor unions organize workers to protest
  working conditions, or wages which are perceived
  as unfair.
• Economics
• 3. Industrialization leads to the development
  of corporations, managed by business leaders who
  seek to limit competition and maximize profits.
• Culture
• 4. Large immigrant populations from diverse
  cultures can change the social, political, and
  economic dynamics of a nation.

Idea-Centered
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TEACHERS

• ARE ARCHITECTS
• FOR LEARNING

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Integrated, Intradisciplinary
Bond Energy potential energy bond strength
exothermic and endothermic bonds
Electronegativity periodic table trend
ionic/covalent continuum
System/Interaction (Conceptual Lens)
Bond Types covalent, ionic, metallic polar
covalent orbital hybridization sigma and pi
bonds
Modern Materials liquid crystals polymers
ceramics
Unit Theme
Chemical Bonding
Compounds Properties amorphous solid
crystalline solid - moelcular, ionic, atomic
liquids - molecules with strong
intermolecular forces gases - molecules with
weak intermolecular forces
Molecular Shape  VSEPR Theory Valence-bond
theory polarity
Intermolecular Forces London dispersion
dipole-dipole hydrogen bonding

Atomic Structures valence electrons formation
of ions electronegativity
Figure 5.11. Chemistry Unit Source Jean Lummis,
Washington Township High School Washington
Township School District, Sewell, New Jersey
used with permission
(Concepts italicized)
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Lens?
Lens?
Book 2
Writers Craft
Literary Themes
Book 1
(Concepts)
(Concepts)
Historical Fiction
To Kill a Mockingbird
Book 3 (Concepts)
Loss of Innocence
Loss of Innocence In an Imperfect World
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GENERALIZATIONS ARE SUMMARIES OF THOUGHT

• WHAT DO I UNDERSTAND AS A RESULT OF MY STUDY
  THAT I CAN TRANSFER?

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GENERALIZATIONEnduring Understanding

• Two or more concepts in a relationship...

Concept
Concept
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS THAT TRANSFER DEVELOP DEEP
UNDERSTANDING
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Sample GeneralizationsSocial Studies

• Culture exhibits both change and continuity
  through time.
• Social, economic and political systems structure
  a society.
• Changes in laws and rules reflect changes in
  power relationships.

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Sample GeneralizationsSocial Studies

• Culture exhibits both change and continuity
  through time.
• Social, economic and political systems structure
  a society.
• Changes in laws and rules reflect changes in
  power relationships.

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Sample GeneralizationsSocial Studies

• Culture exhibits both change and continuity
  through time.
• Social, economic and political systems structure
  a society.
• Changes in laws and rules reflect changes in
  power relationships.

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Sample GeneralizationsSocial Studies

• Culture exhibits both change and continuity
  through time.
• Social, economic and political systems structure
  a society.
• Changes in laws and rules reflect changes in
  power relationships.

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Sample GeneralizationsScience

• Properties distinguish living and non-living
  things.
• Genetic and environmental influences lead to
  diversity of populations.
• Cells store energy in a variety of forms.
• Environmental factors influence an organisms
  biology and behavior patterns.

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Sample GeneralizationsScience

• Properties distinguish living and non-living
  things.
• Genetic and environmental influences lead to
  diversity of populations.
• Cells store energy in a variety of forms.
• Environmental factors influence an organisms
  biology and behavior patterns.

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Sample GeneralizationsScience

• Properties distinguish living and non-living
  things.
• Genetic and environmental influences lead to
  diversity of populations.
• Cells store energy in a variety of forms.
• Environmental factors influence an organisms
  biology and behavior patterns.

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Sample GeneralizationsScience

• Properties distinguish living and non-living
  things.
• Genetic and environmental influences lead to
  diversity of populations.
• Cells store energy in a variety of forms.
• Environmental factors influence an organisms
  biology and behavior patterns.

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Sample GeneralizationsScience

• Properties distinguish living and non-living
  things.
• Genetic and environmental influences lead to
  diversity of populations.
• Cells store energy in a variety of forms.
• Environmental factors influence an organisms
  biology and behavior patterns.

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Sample GeneralizationsArt

• Line defines shape and adds meaning.
• Texture conveys nuance.
• Positive and negative space create balance.
• Color creates mood.

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Sample GeneralizationsArt

• Line defines shape and adds meaning.
• Texture conveys nuance.
• Positive and negative space create balance.
• Color creates mood.

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Sample Mathematics Generalizations
Numbers and Operations Grade level 9. Absolute
value represents magnitude without regard
to direction. 10. Exponents and logarithms are
inverse operations. Matrices can represent
multi-dimensional information to aid in
the solution of a problem. Algebra Grade level

• K. Patterns can be extended.
• 1. Number can show order.
• Variables represent a unique value in
  equations.
• The solutions to a one-step linear equation with
  a single
• variable represents the value that makes
• the equation true.

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GENERALIZATIONS

• PAST
• PAST PERFECT
• PRESENT PERFECT
• TENSE VERBS

PROPER OR PERSONAL NOUNS
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When we teach to the levels of concepts
and generalizations we are teaching for deep
understanding and the transfer of knowledge.
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Integrated, Interdisciplinary
Literature
Conceptual Lens
System
The Human Body (Science concepts) The Scarlet
Ibis (J. Hurst) (limits of the human body) To
the Top Annapurna (Blum) (endurance,
respiratory system)
Health
Wellness Nutrition Eating Disorders Weight
Management Substance Abuse Diseases
Physical Education
The Human Body
Body Control Movement Coordination Musculatory
System Fitness Endurance
Science
Math Calculations heart rate, body
mass, Statistics Measurements height,
weight Ratios Charts graphs
Art
Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive
System, etc. Function structure Interdependence

Draw a body symmetry, line, shape
Human forms - art realism, abstract, cubist
51
History Early explorers Immigrants State
historical events Significant individuals and
ideas that shaped the development of the
state and regions Interactions that shaped
the development
Interdependence (lens)
Grade 4
Culture
Indigenous peoples - ways of living - use
of resources - then and now Explorers and
settlers - the impact of merging cultures -
daily lives State symbols, monuments,
statues
Getting to Know Our State and Region
Geography Place and location of state within
the U.S. relative to other state other
regions in the world Geographic features
- landforms, bodies of water, soils,
vegetation, climate Geographic tools to
consider spatial concepts location,
distance, direction, scale, movement...
Human/Environmental interactions - Plant
and Animal Life
Economics Land use in state and region -
industrial, recreational, commercial,
residential Economic activities - location
of businesses related to factors of
production, consumption and distribution -
Impact of technology on the economy (state
and region) Opportunity cost - The value of
the best alternative passed by (not selected)
Cost/benefit Economic incentives Barter as
trade Specialization Price changes supply
and demand Human resource - labor Inflation
deflation
Government State government - Structure,
function, responsibilities Power and
Authority Limited and unlimited governments
Taxation individuals, business Rules and
Laws Citizenship - Personal and civic
Relationship of state to federal government
The common good
(Concepts italicized)
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High School
Perspectives
History Sept. 11, 2001 as a turning
point Afghanistan and the hunt for Bin Laden Al
Qaeda/terrorist groups Significant individuals
Bush Blair Hussein Iraq Saddam Hussein
citizens The allies and their roles
Lens

• Culture
• Religion
• Beliefs/Values
• Perspectives
• Terrorists/Terrorism
• Cultures
• Oppression/Oppressed

The War on Terrorism

• Economics
• Cost of war
• human
• environmental
• societal

• Government
• Leaders
• Treaties
• Policies
• Leadership
• Cooperation
• Conflict

Geography

• Climate
• Terrain
• (or geography)
• -Resources
• -Geography and
• war

(Concepts italicized)
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Level 1 Verbs

• affects
• impacts
• influence
• to be verbs is, are, have

Level 1 Generalization The student understands
that_______________________ _____________________
____________________________.
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Scaffolding Thinking
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Scaffolding Thinking to Complex Levels
Social Studies

• Level 3
• Celebrations and traditions unify a people and
  reflect their identity.
• So whatis the significance (or
  effect)that celebrations
• express traditions?
• Level 2
• Celebrations express traditions of a culture.
• Why do cultures have celebrations?
• Level 1
• All cultures have celebrations.

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Scaffolding Thinking to Complex Levels

• Level 3
• Nations with a strong economic infrastructure
  wield greater political power in international
  relations.
• So what is the effect or significance of a
  strong economic
• infrastructure for a society?
• Level 2
• Advances in technology lead to the development
  of new products and materials which can
  strengthen the economic infrastructure of a
  society.
• How (or Why) do advances in technology
  impact a society?
• Level 1
• Advances in technology impact a society.

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Scaffolding Thinking to Complex Levels
Science

• Level 3
• An organisms behavioral responses to stimuli
  evolve through natural selection.
• How do organisms change behaviors?
• Level 2
• Biological adaptations change structures,
  behaviors, or physiology and enhance reproductive
  success.
• How do organisms survive?
• Level 1
• Organisms survive in diverse environments.

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Scaffolding Understandings
Gothic Literature Edgar Allan Poe
Thematic Big Ideas (Enduring Understandings)
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Guilt narrows and intensifies focus and shapes
perception.
Perception can cause people to make poor choices
and decisions.
Guilt affects perception.
How?
So what?
The Writers Craft
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Consonance, assonance and alliteration create a
flow to the language through sound, rhyme,
cadence and repetition.
The use of literary devices creates moods and
empha- sizes words, connect- ing them to the
ideas they express.
Consonance,assonance and alliteration enhance
reading pleasure.
by Del Whitmire Amy Pritzl Green Bay, WI.
How?
So what?
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Evaluating Scaffolding Criteria

• Do the ideas grow in sophistication?
• Do the ideas become clearer from
• level to level because they are more
• specific (use more specific concepts)?
• Did the committee answer their question at
• each level?
• Are the verbs active and present tense?
• Are the ideas based in fact? (Are they true?)
• Are the ideas important?
• Are the ideas developmentally appropriate?