Hot and Cold

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Unit 7

• Hot and Cold
• World War II and the Aftermath

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Rise of Dictators

• Hitler---Europe
• Mussolini---Europe
• Hirohito---Japan

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Reasons for Dictators

• The depression in Europe gave rise to the
  dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany.
• People lost hope in democracies and wanted a
  strong leader to correct the problems.
• Strong leaders promised solutions to the problems
  in their countries.

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Benito Mussolini

• March 1919, he formed the Fascist Partythe
  movement proclaimed opposition to social class
  discrimination and supported nationalist
  sentiments, hoping to raise Italy to levels of
  its great Roman past

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Fascism

• A political movement that promotes
• Extreme Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Dictatorial government
• Denial of individual rights
• One party system

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Fascism
Blind Loyalty To the leader
State controlled economy
Strong Military
Fascism
Use of Violence and Terror
Extreme Nationalism
Use of Censorship Propaganda
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The Rise of Mussolini

• Italy after World War I
• The Treaty of Versailles gave away land that had
  been promised to Italy by Britain and France.
• Italys economy was slow
• Men could not find work
• Trade was slow
• Taxes were high (pay for the war)
• Workers went on strike

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The Rise of Mussolini

• Benito Mussolini
• Mussolini took advantage of the unrest in Italy
  by
• Gathering a following of war veterans and those
  unhappy with the conditions in Italy.
• Mussolini called his party the Fascist and
  promised to fix the problems of Italy.

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The Rise of Mussolini

• Mussolini promised
• To end unemployment
• Gain more land for Italy
• Outlaw communism
• Stop workers from striking
• Strengthen Italys military

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The Rise of Mussolini

• By 1922 the Fascist and Mussolini were in power.
• They used violence and terror to win elections.
• Once in power Mussolini ended
• Free elections
• Free speech
• Free Press

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The Rise of Mussolini

• Many enemies of the state were killed.
• The goals of the state were put above the rights
  of the individual.

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Adolf Hitler
August 1934, Hitler become head of state as well
as head of government, and was formally named as
leader and chancellor. As head of state, Hitler
became supreme commander of the armed forces
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The Rise of Hitler

• Germany after World War I
• The Kaiser stepped down
• A democratic government called the Weimar
  Republic took over.
• The Weimar Rep. was weak
• Inflation caused a major economic problem.
• People were poor.

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The Rise of Hitler

• Germany needed a leader who could fix the
  economic problems and restore pride in Germany.
• Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party promised to fix
  Germany.

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The Rise of Hitler

• In 1920 Hitler becomes head of the German Workers
  Party (GWP)
• The GWP later becomes the National Socialist
  German Workers (Nazi)
• In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany.
• By 1934 Hitler was dictator of Germany

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The Rise of Hitler
World War I Germany has to pay large war
debt. Germany loses her colonies. Germany is
bitter over blame for World War I. Reduced
military.
Weak Government Kaiser steps down Weimar
Rep. fails to end inflation Weimar Rep. signs
the Treaty of Versailles which angers many
Germans
Nazis Promise Jobs A new German super
race Rebuild the military Get back lost
land Make Germany proud
Economic Problems Inflation Depression Unemploy
ment
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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Creates a new Germany called the Third Reich.

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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Turns Germany into a totalitarian state.
• Creates a one party system (Nazi Party)
• Ends civil rights
• Murders many of his political enemies.
• Uses force and terror to enforce his rule.
• Uses propaganda, art and education to promote him
  and the Nazi party.

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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Puts businesses under government control.
• Starts public works programs which employs many
  people.
• Rebuilds the military.
• Raises the standard of living.

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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler instituted programs against Jews to
  restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them
  from Germany.
• Many did not care about Hitlers policies many
  were just happy being employed and having a
  renewed sense of military and nationalistic
  pride.

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Hitler and Mussolini

• Positives
• Both Hitler and Mussolini improved the economic
  conditions of their nations.
• Both restored order to their countries.
• Both brought back nationalistic pride.

• Negatives
• Many lost individual rights.
• Many were driven out of the countries or
  murdered.

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The Rise of Japanese Militarism

• The Japanese began a program of militarism in the
  1930s
• Japan wanted to restore its greatness
• Get rid of western influence
• Gain foreign lands

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The Rise of Japanese Militarism

• In 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria.
• Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
• An increase in loyalty to the emperor.
• Japan attempts to imperialize China.

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Dictators Expand Territory

• 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria in northern China
• Japan wanted more natural resources for its
  growing population (Manchuria is rich in natural
  resources)

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Italy invades Ethiopia

• 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia in Africa
• Mussolini wanted new areas to expand his empire
  in Africa

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Germany Begins Conquests

• 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland
  (German region near the French border)
• WWI treaty said no German troops here
• French Govt and League of Nations TAKE NO
  ACTION

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German-Italian Alliance

• Germany and Italy formed the Axis Powers
• Now two dictators with stated goals of
  expansion are good friends
• Axis Powers help Spains Fascist military
  overthrow its elected government (Spanish Civil
  War)

Mussolini and Hitler
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Hitler begins his own Conquests

• 1938 Hitler and the Germans invade Austria
  (most Austrians spoke German and welcomed
  becoming a part of Germany)
• ButHitler and the Germans were expanding and
  the WWI treaty told them not to

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The Sudetenland

• After taking Austria Hitler wanted more
• His next desire is the Sudetenland in
  Czechoslovakia
• The Czechs didnt want to give this area to
  Germany nor did France and Russia

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Germanys Expansion
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Appeasement at Munich

• The British step in to offer a peace and avoid
  war
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets
  with Hitler in Munich, Germany
• They agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland
• Hitler has to promise he is done seeking territory

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Reactions to Munich

• Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister
  who came up with the agreement, said that he had
  achieved peace in our time

• Winston Churchill, the future Prime Minister,
  said Britain and France had to choose between
  war and shame. They chose shame. They will get
  war, too.

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Hitler breaks his promise Germany Starts the War

• After being given Sudetenland Hitler takes the
  rest of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin
  and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war
  on each other) now France and Britain have lost
  an ally in Stalin
• Immediately after Germany invaded Poland
  (France Britain declare war on Germany) WWII
  officially begins

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PEARL HARBOR

• THE DAY OF INFAMY
• December 7, 1941

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Causes

• The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China
  and Indochina
• Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
  provide them an easy win, and a territory with
  abundant land and resources to rule once they
  were victorious.
• The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting
  Japans economy

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Major Combatants

• Japan
• Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the command of
  Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto
• Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo
  Fuchida
• United States
• - Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the command
  of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. General
  Walter C. Short

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Battle Sequence

• 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE
• (as noted by the U.S. Navy)
• PHASE 1 Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber
  attacks lasting from 755 a.m. to 825 a.m.
• PHASE 2 Lull in attacks lasting from 825 - 840
  a.m.
• PHASE 3 Horizontal bomber attacks from 840
  915 a.m.
• PHASE 4 Dive bomber attacks between 915-945
  a.m.
• PHASE 5 Warning of attacks and completion of
  raid after 945 a.m.

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Warfare (continued)

• United States
• 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
• 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
• 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns

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Casualties

• Japan
• Less then 100 men
• 29 planes
• 5 midget submarines
• United States
• 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed,
  1,178 wounded
• 188 planes
• 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3
  destroyers, 4 other vessels)

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Effects/Outcome

• Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the
  U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft
  carriers Lexington, Enterprise, Saratoga were
  not in port)
• Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
• The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II
  (The Sleeping Giant was awakened)
• The U.S. Great Britain declare war on Japan
  (Dec. 8, 1941)
• Germany Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11,
  1941)

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December 8, 1941 FDR Speech

• Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live
  in infamy the United States of America was
  suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
  air forces of the Empire of Japan.
• FDR Infamy Speech

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D Day

• June 6, 1944
• 156, 000 American, British and Canadian troops
  land on the beach of Frances Normandy region
• the largest amphibious military assaults in
  history

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Victory in Europe

• May 8, 1945
• World War II Allies officially accept the
  unconditional surrender of Hitler and Nazi
  Germany.
• Hitler had committed suicide on 30 April 1945 in
  his Führerbunker in Berlin so his successor,
  President of Germany Karl Dönitz signed the
  surrender.

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Iwo Jima

• The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February 26 March
  1945), or Operation Detachment, was a major
  battle in which the United States Armed Forces
  fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima
  from the Japanese Empire.

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Iwo Jima

• The battle was immortalized by Joe Rosenthal's
  photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag on top
  of the 166 m (545 ft) Mount Suribachi by five
  U.S. Marines and one U.S. Navy battlefield
  Hospital Corpsman.

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The Manhattan Project

• Los Alamos Laboratory, known as Project Y, was
  conceived during the early part of World War II.
  The United States wanted to build an atomic
  explosive to counter the threat posed by the
  German nuclear development program. The term
  Manhattan Project came about because the program
  began under the Manhattan Engineering District of
  the War Department.

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• Physicists, chemists, metallurgists, explosive
  experts and military personnel converged on the
  isolated plateau. At times, six Nobel Prize
  winners gathered with the other scientists and
  engineers in the weekly colloquia put on by
  Robert Oppenheimer. Meanwhile, the Army was
  charged with supporting the work, building
  buildings, keeping the commissary supplied, and
  guarding the top-secret work.

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• The scientists and engineers labored on for two
  years. They carried out experiments in metallurgy
  and high explosives. Finally, on July 16, 1945,
  at 530 a.m., an incredible burst of light
  exploded over the desert in south central New
  Mexico. Trinity, as the test shot was known,
  answered many of the questions the scientists had
  been asking. The bombs yield, equivalent of
  18,000 tons of TNT, astounded even the scientists
  who had spent years making painstaking
  calculations

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Truman Makes a Decision

• Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima on Aug. 6
  and on Nagasaki on Aug. 9. Five days later, the
  Emperor of Japan agreed to an unconditional
  surrender. World War II formally ended on Sept.
  2, 1945, when treaties were signed aboard the USS
  Missouri. The Manhattan Project, a mission to end
  the war through the use of atomic weapons, had
  accomplished its goal.

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The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima

• At 245 a.m. on Monday, August 6, 1945, a B-29
  bomber, the Enola Gay, took off from Tinian, a
  North Pacific island in the Marianas, 1,500 miles
  south of Japan

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Hiroshima

• On a hook in the ceiling of the plane, hung the
  ten-foot atomic bomb, "Little Boy.".
  Approximately fifteen minutes into the flight
  (300 a.m.), Parsons began to arm the atomic
  bomb it took him fifteen minutes. Parsons
  thought while arming "Little Boy" "I knew the
  Japs were in for it, but I felt no particular
  emotion about it."

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Hiroshima

• On August 6, 1945, the first choice target,
  Hiroshima, was having clear weather. At 815 a.m.
  (local time), the Enola Gay's door sprang open
  and dropped "Little Boy." Approximately 70,000
  died immediately from the explosion and another
  70,000 died from radiation within five years.

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The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki

• While the people of Japan tried to comprehend the
  devastation in Hiroshima, the United States was
  preparing a second bombing mission. The second
  run was not delayed in order to give Japan time
  to surrender, but was waiting only for a
  sufficient amount of plutonium-239 for the atomic
  bomb. On August 9, 1945 only three days after the
  bombing of Hiroshima, another B-29, Bock's Car
  left Tinian at 349 a.m.

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Nagasaki

• At 1102 a.m., the atomic bomb, "Fat Man," was
  dropped over Nagasaki. The atomic bomb exploded
  1,650 feet above the city.

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Nagasaki

• Approximately 40 percent of Nagasaki was
  destroyed.. With a population of 270,000,
  approximately 70,000 people died by the end of
  the year.

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VJ Day

• Victory over Japan Day is a name chosen for the
  day on which Japan surrendered, in effect ending
  World War II, and subsequent anniversaries of
  that event. The term has been applied to both of
  the days on which the initial announcement of
  Japans surrender was madeto the afternoon of
  August 15, 1945, in Japan, and, because of time
  zone differences, to August 14, 1945as well as
  to September 2, 1945, when the signing of the
  surrender document occurred, officially ending
  World War II.

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The Holocaust

• Holocaust (holocaust) n -   
• Great destruction resulting in the extensive loss
  
• of life, especially by fire
• 2. Greek word that means burnt whole or
• consumed by fire

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• Let us learn that this may never happen again!
• Daniels Story
• What was the Holocaust?

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Holocaust Victims

• 6 million Jews
• 1.5 million children under 12
• Other Undesirables
• 5 million
• 11 MILLION KILLED

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In the beginning.

• The Nuremberg Laws
• At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in
  1935, the Nazis announced new laws which
  institutionalized many of the racial theories
  prevalent in Nazi ideology. The laws excluded
  German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited
  them from marrying with persons of "German or
  related blood."

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The Nuremberg Laws

• The Nuremberg Laws, as they became known, did not
  define a "Jew" as someone with particular
  religious beliefs. Instead, anyone who had three
  or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew,
  regardless of whether that individual identified
  himself or herself as a Jew or belonged to the
  Jewish religious community

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And then.

• In 1937 and 1938, the government set out to
  impoverish Jews by requiring them to register
  their property and then by "Aryanizing" Jewish
  businesses.

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The Final Solution
The Nazis established ghettos in occupied Poland.
Polish and western European Jews were deported to
these ghettos. During the German invasion of the
Soviet Union in 1941, mobile killing squads
(Einsatzgruppen) began killing entire Jewish
communities. The methods used, mainly shooting or
gas vans, were soon regarded as inefficient and
as a psychological burden on the killers
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Being forced from their home
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Badges of Hate
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The Final Solution

• In January 1942, the Nazis began the systematic
  deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six
  extermination camps established in former Polish
  territory -- Chelmno , Belzec, Sobibor,
  Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek.
  Extermination camps were killing centers designed
  to carry out genocide. About three million Jews
  were gassed in extermination camps.

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The Final Solution

• In its entirety, the "Final Solution" consisted
  of gassings, shootings, random acts of terror,
  disease, and starvation that accounted for the
  deaths of about six million Jews -- two-thirds of
  the total population of Jews living in Europe,

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Live to Tell

• Survivors tell their story

• Survivors tell their story

• Josef Alexander of Los Angeles, California

• Alice Herz-Sommer of London England

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The U. S. Homefront

• After the December 7, 1941, life across the
  country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and
  clothing were rationed. Communities conducted
  scrap metal drives.

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• From the outset of the war, it was clear that
  enormous quantities of airplanes, tanks,
  warships, rifles and other armaments would be
  essential to beating Americas aggressors. U.S.
  workers played a vital role in the production of
  such war-related materials. Many of these workers
  were women. Indeed, with tens of thousands of
  American men joining the armed forces and heading
  into training and into battle, women began
  securing jobs as welders, electricians and
  riveters in defense plants. Until that time, such
  positions had been strictly for men only.

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The U. S. Homefront

• To help build the armaments necessary to win the
  war, women found employment as electricians,
  welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese
  Americans had their rights as citizens stripped
  from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly
  dependent on radio reports for news of the
  fighting overseas. And, while popular
  entertainment served to demonize the nations
  enemies, it also was viewed as an escapist outlet
  that allowed Americans brief respites from war
  worries.

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• A woman who toiled in the defense industry came
  to be known as a Rosie the Riveter... One of
  the women employed at the factory, Rose Will
  Monroe (1920-97), was a riveter involved in the
  construction of B-24 and B-29 bombers.

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Rationing

• What was a rationing coupon?

• Who had to use rationing coupons?

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What was rationed?

• All these things were rationed, which meant you
  were only allowed to buy a small amount. The
  government introduced rationing because certain
  things were in short supply during the war, and
  rationing was the only way to make sure everyone
  got their fair share.

• During the Second World War, you couldn't just
  walk into a shop and buy as much sugar or butter
  or meat as you wanted, nor could you fill up your
  car with gasoline whenever you liked.

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• War ration books and tokens were issued to each
  American family, dictating how much gasoline,
  tires, sugar, meat, silk, shoes, nylon and other
  items any one person could buy.

Tires Cars Bicycles Gasoline Fuel Oil Kerosene Solid Fuels Stoves January 1942 to December 1945 February 1942 to October 1945 July 1942 to September 1945 May 1942 to August 1945 October 1942 to August 1945 September 1943 to August 1945 December 1942 to August 1945
Rubber Footwear Shoes October 1942 to September 1945 February 1943 to October 1945
Sugar Coffee Processed Foods Meats, canned fish Cheese, canned milk, fats May 1942 to 1947 November 1942 to July 1943 March 1943 to August 1945 March 1943 to November 1945 March 1943 to November 1945
Typewriters March 1942 to April 1944
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Japanese Relocation Camps

• In 1942 President Roosevelt signed a bill
  ordering Japanese Americans to go to internment
  camps. About 110,000 Japanese Americans were
  placed in internment camps which were very much
  like a prison. They were guarded by a guard with
  a weapon and encased in barbed wire.

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Internment Camps
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Internment Camps
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Tuskegee Airmen

• "Tuskegee Airmen" refers to the men and women,
  African-Americans and Caucasians, who were
  involved in the so-called "Tuskegee Experience",
  the Army Air Corps program to train African
  Americans to fly and maintain combat aircraft.

• The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, navigators,
  bombardiers, maintenance and support staff,
  instructors, and all the personnel who kept the
  planes in the air.

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Women and World War II

• Womens Army Corp
• WAC
• Womens Air Service Pilot
• WASP
• Womens Naval Corp
• Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service
• WAVES

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The United Nations

• The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
  organization established on 24 October 1945 to
  promote international co-operation. A replacement
  for the ineffective League of Nations, the
  organization was created following the Second
  World War to prevent another such conflict. At
  its founding, the UN had 51 member states there
  are now 193..

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The United Nations

• Establishment of a world wide rule of reasonthe
  United Nations.

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