The Renaissance

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The Renaissance
Sistine ChapelMichelangelo Buonarroti
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What is the Renaissance?

• A Rebirth of Roman and Greek Classical
  Learning/Culture
• Time of artistic, scientific and intellectual
  discovery
• New emphasis on secular spirit and the individual

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Causes of the Renaissance

• Increase in agricultural production
• End of Feudalism
• Crusades opened trade with Middle East
• Re-emergence of urban centers
• Decline of Church control
• -Great Schism

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Background of the Italian Renaissance
Economic

• Increase in agricultural production
• -Italian city-states to produce enough food to
  sustain their own populations
• Increase in trade
• -HRE provided a vast market for manufactured
  goods
• -The Mediterranean Sea allowed Italy to easily
  engage in trade

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Economic Result

• Economic wealth is consolidated into the hands of
  a small number of merchant families in Italys
  growing cities

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Background of the Italian Renaissance

• Political
• The collapse of the HRE and Great Schism left no
  unifying force in Italy

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Political Result

• Wealthy merchant families are able to use
  economic influence (patronage) to gather
  political power

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Background of the Italian Renaissance

• Social
• Decline in Church control and increased economic
  wealth leads to a turn from Medieval Spiritualism
  to Classical Humanism.

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Social Result

• The arts flourish in Italy
• Education took on a new importance

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FlorenceThe Cathedral of Florence (Duomo)
Filippo Brunelleschi
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FlorencePalazzo Strozzi
Small windows used for lending money
Rustication
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FlorencePalazzo Vecchio
Michelangelos David
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FlorencePonte Vecchio
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Major Italian Cities

• Florence
• Republic on paper, but really an oligarchy of
  wealthy merchants
• Ultimately under the control of the Medici
• -Cosimo
• -Lorenzo the Magnificent
• Major industries textiles (wool, cotton and
  silk) and finance

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MilanSanta Maria delle Grazie
Donato Bramante
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MilanSanta Maria presso San Satiro
Donato Bramante
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Milan

• Located just south of the Alps
• Provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE
• Centralized state under the Visconti and later
  the Sforza
• -Da Vinci

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Naples
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Naples
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Naples

• Hereditary monarchy.
• Trade-based economy
• Eventually taken over by Spanish
• -most cosmopolitan city in Europe

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Venice
The Doges Palace
Canale di San Marco
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Venice
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VeniceBasilica di San Marco
Byzantine Influence
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Venice

• Economy based on Mediterranean trade
• -Byzantine Empire
• Maritime military power
• Oligarchy of wealthy merchant/aristocracy

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Vatican City
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini
Michelangelo Buonarroti
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Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo Buonarroti
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The Pantheon
Raphaels Burial Place
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Rome
Colosseum
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Rome

• Seat of the Bishop of Rome (Pope)
• Acts as the capital of the Papal States
• -City-State politics on an international level
• Home to many large building projects to highlight
  various wealthy Italian families power
• -Sistine Chapel
•  

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Renaissance Society

• Classes
• Patrician merchants began to blur the roles of
  the clergy, nobility and commoners
• -The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare
  Castiglione

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The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare
Castiglione
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Education

• Educational practices reflected the Patrician
  merchants blurring of the roles of the clergy,
  nobility and commoners
• -Humanism and virtù
• -Liberal Studies and Physical
  Education/Renaissance Man

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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Families

• Patrician merchants tried to increase their
  economic and political power through family
  networks
• -marriage
• -Giovanni Tournabuoni
• -Palla di Noferi Strozzi
• -Pope Julius II and Sixtus IV

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Sistine Chapel
acorns
Michelangelo Buonarroti
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Family Crests
Della Rovere (acorns) Medici
Julius II Leo X Clement VII
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Tornabuoni Chapel
Ludovica Tornabuoni
Domenico Ghirlandaio
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Tornabuoni Chapel
Ludovica Tornabuoni
Alessandro di Francesco Nasi
Domenico Ghirlandaio
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Patronage

• Through both familial and extra-familial systems
  of reciprocity, Patrician merchant tried to
  increase their economic and political power
• -Medici

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Small Chapel of the Medici Palace
Piero de' Medici
Cosimo de' Medici
Lorenzo deMedici
Benozzo Gozzoli
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Santa Trinita in Florence
Gentile da Fabriano
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Portrait of Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de'
Medici and Luigi de' Rossi
Pope Clement VII
Pope Leo X
Raffaello Sanzio
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Church

• The Catholic Church became increasingly secular
  due to the rise of humanism and patronage
  networks
• -Renaissance Popes

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Borgia Apartments Vatican City
Alexander VI
Cesare Borgia
Bernardino di Betto (Pinturicchio)
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Borgia Apartments Vatican City
Cesare Borgia
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Baldassare Castiglione
Raffaello Sanzio
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Portrait of Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de'
Medici and Luigi de' Rossi
Pope Clement VII
Raffaello Sanzio
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Baldassare Castiglione

• Born near Mantua-from a noble family
• Worked as a envoy to Pope Leo X, Pope Clement
  VII, the Sforza family (Milan) and the Duke of
  Urbino
• Wrote The Book Of The Courtier
• Clement VII accused him of duplicity when
  Charles V sacked Rome

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The Book Of The Courtier

• Greatly influenced royal court behavior
• Described how a courtier behaved
• Accorded with traditional ideas of leadership
  behavior
• Stated that nobles are born and not made
• Advised nobles to not only master military skills
  but also to pursue a classical education
• Told courtiers to behave according to strict
  standards of conduct
• Key term sprezzatura - the cultivated ability to
  "display artful artlessness"

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Goals of Courtier

• To use his skills to win the favor of the prince
  so that he can give the prince honest council
  without fear of angering him
• To advise the prince to pursue the morally
  correct course

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Niccolò Machiavelli
Santi di Tito Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
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Lorenzo deMedici
Andrea del Verrocchio
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Niccolo Machiavelli

• Born in Florence-From poor branch of a prominent
  family
• Worked as a diplomat
• Eventually forced into exile after the Medici
  returned from their own exile at the hands of
  Girolamo Savonarola
• Wrote The Prince to regain the favor of Lorenzo
  de Medici

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The Prince

• Greatly influenced politics throughout the rest
  of history
• Described how a leader should behave
• Broke with the traditional understanding that
  leaders should behave according to moral ethics
• Asserted that people are bad by nature
• Stated control is the most efficient means of
  governing
• Advised leaders that their decision making should
  be based on increasing their own political power
• Key phrase-"It is much safer for a prince to be
  feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the
  two"

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Goals of the Prince

• To acquire and maintain power

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Question

• Do you agree with Machiavelli or Castiglione?

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Question

• Would George Bush agree with Machiavelli or
  Castiglione?