PRIMARY SECTOR

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PRIMARY SECTOR
UNIT TWO
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• 1. FARMING.
• 1.1. Physical factors climate, relief, soil.
• 1.2. Social and economic factors labour, market,
  government.
• 2. CLASSIFICATION.
• Arable, pastoral, mixed.
• Intensive, extensive.
• Commercial, subsistence.
• Nomadic, sedentary.
• 3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN
  THE WORLD.
• 3.1. Shifting cultivation.
• 3.2. Wet rice farming.
• 3.3. Intensive commercial farming market
  gardening.
• 3.4. Extensive commercial farming.
• 3.5. Plantation agriculture.
• . 4. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS CAP.

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1. FarmingFarming is the growing of crops
and the rearing of animals
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1.1.Physical factors climate

• Temperature crops need a minimum of 6C to grow.
  (Look over climates in the world)
• Rainfall crops need between 250 mm and 500 mm a
  year.

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Climatic regions in the world
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Physical factors relief

• Flat land is easier to grow crops on, there is
  less soil erosion and machinery can be used
  safely.
• Some places are too high to grow crops because
  they are too cold. Temperature decreases 6C each
  1000 m.
• Only south facing slopes are warmer because they
  face the sun

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Physical factors soil

• Soil needs to be fertile, deep and well drained.

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1.2. Social and economic factors labour

• Farming requires either
• Human labour (low yields)
• or
• Mechanisation (high yields)

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Social and economic factors market

• Farmers grow crops that are in demand and change
  to meet new demands.
• Markets are now global.

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Social and economic factors governments

• Quotas are limits on the amount of some produce
  set by the governments.
• Subsidies are money paid by the government to
  encourage some types of produce.

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2. Classification of agriculture
Pastoral
Arable

• Mixed

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Classification of agriculture

• Intensive high yields from a small area of land.
  It needs high input of money, labour or
  technology.

• Extensive low yields from a large area of land.

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Classification of agriculture

• Pastoral farming can also be intensive or
  extensive

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Classification of agriculture

• Commercial farming to make profit from sales of
  food.

• Subsistence it produces food for the farmers
  family

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Classification of agriculture

• Nomadic moving from place to place
• Sedentary farming in a fixed location

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3.Agricultural activity in the world shifting
cultivation

• It occurs in equatorial forests in South-East
  Asia, Central and South America and Africa
• It is extensive when soil loses its fertility
  the land is abandoned.

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3.1. Shifting cultivation

• They use manual labour and simple tools.
• The farmers grow crops from themselves and their
  families (subsistence).
• The main crops are rice, maize, tapioca, sweet
  potatoes, bananas and vegetables.

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Agricultural activity in the world wet rice
farming
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3.2.Wet rice farming

• It occurs in many Asian countries (tropical and
  monsoon climate)
• It requires 1000 mm to 2500 mm of rainfall a year
  and an average temperature of 20C.
• It is intensive irrigation allows 2 or 3 crops
  per year in very small farms.
• The level of technology varies (low in India or
  China, high in Japan or Taiwan). Planting and
  transplanting are usually done by hand.

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3.3. Intensive commercial farming market
gardening

• It produces the vegetables, fruit and flowers
  that are found in supermarkets.
• It uses limited land and it is often near urban
  markets.
• Although they are perishable products,
  refrigeration and faster transport allow more
  distant markets to be served.

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3.3.Market gardening

• Market gardens have high inputs, especially
  labour, and high yields (intensive).
• A wide range of technology is available, from
  hand hoes to computer-controlled robots.
• Farmers usually specialise in a few crops, e.g.
  salads or flowers.
• Some vegetables are grown into greenhouses or
  using hydroponics (plants grow without soil)

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3.4. Extensive commercial farming

• It occurs in new countries, e.g. US, Australia
  or Argentina, especially in continental climate.
• Farms are large and highly mechanised.

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3.3. Extensive commercial farming

• It can be arable, e.g. crops of wheat, maize,
  barley...
• It can be also pastoral, e.g. cows and sheep
• Farms are very big, more than 200 Ha.

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3.5. Plantation agriculture

• It takes place in large farms or estates (40 to
  1000 Ha) existing in South East Asia and the
  Caribbean.
• Crops are grown for export
• It needs a lot of money for building, planting
  and making processing factories.

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3.5. Plantation agriculture

• They employ many workers and use high levels of
  technology.
• They produce coffee, cocoa, sugar or trees like
  tea, rubber and oil palm.

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4. The European Union and its Common Agricultural
Police (CAP)

• The CAP tries
• to protect the income of farmers.
• to ensure reasonable prices for consumers.
• to increase the production.
• to protect the quality of life in rural areas.
• The CAP consists of.
• grants.
• subsidies.
• guaranteed prices.

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4. The European Union and its Common Agricultural
Police (CAP)

• The main problems are
• it has created mountains of food and lakes of
  wine, more expensive than in the USA. It was
  necessary to create quotas (e.g. milk).
• environmental damages (soil erosion, excesive use
  of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides to
  increase production).
• Recently the EU has been paying farmers to take
  part of their land out of production.