It

1
Chapter 19

• Section 1

2
Hook

• What does it mean to be neutral?
• Have you ever been neutral?
• Have you ever taken a stand?
• What conditions effected your choices?

3
The War to end all wars?

• WW I had been going on for quite some time before
  the United States got involved
• In fact, 1914 the war started but it wasnt until
  1917 that the United States is directly involved

4
Just the facts mama, just the facts!

• Each country that got involved thought it would
  be over quickly
• 28 nations will be involved at the height of the
  war
• 8 million will die in battle

5
What were the causes of the war?

• Direct Cause
• The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
  in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia

6
Indirect Causes, the things that helped ignite
the fire!!!

• 1.Germany and France were already sore at each
  other because of a piece of land called Alsace
  Lorraine locate between Germany and France rich
  in coal
• http//www.jpmoser.com/little-images/france-direc
  tions-alsacelorraine.gif
• 2.Austria-Hungary were having difficulties with
  ethnic groups (you had Hungarians governing
  Czechs, Slovaks and Poles all of which wanted
  their own government)

7

• 3. Imperialism, a scramble for colonies (Many
  countries wanted more land and more resources)
• 4. Militarism, the building of a countries army
  during peace time
• 5.. Nationalism, the strong belief in ones
  country and the rights of that country
• 6. Alliances, or friendships. There had been
  secret treatises amongst Germany and Austria and
  Russia and France

8
Examples of Alliances

• An alliance is a friendship, an Entente is a
  friendly understanding
• Triple Alliance- Austria, Germany and Italy
• Triple Entente- Great Britain, France and Russia

9
How could alliances upset the balance of power?

• Nations would come each others aid if one was
  attacked to aid in a nations security
• No longer a one on one war
• Balance? Tipped?

10
So back to the beginning

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the
  throne of Austria-Hungary
• Austria had control over Bosnia but many of the
  Serbs inside the country wanted to be part of
  Serbia
• Archduke and his wife Sophia were assassinated
  visiting the province of Bosnia in the capital
  Sarajevo
• Assassinated by Princip, of course a Serbian
  terrorist
• Austria thought Serbia put him up to it and
  wanted revenge

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After the assassination

• Austria made a list of unreasonable demands for
  Serbia to meet or else.
• Serbia refuses and Austria declares war

12
Recognize and mobilize, yeah dog!

• The declaration of war set off a chain reaction
  throughout Europe
• Every country began to mobilize or ready their
  troops for war
• Russia went first to protect Serbia, then went
  Germany for Austria and then went France for
  Serbia and so on and so forth

13

• Prior to the war (secret alliances)
• -Triple Alliances were Austria-Hungary, Germany
  and at the beginning Italy
• -Triple Entente were Great Britain, France and
  Russia

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The Chain Reaction
15
The strategydun dun dun

• Germany declared war on Russia and France
  declared war on them so they would have to fight
• ..A TWO FRONT WAR!!!!!!!!!
• http//www.yourchildlearns.com/europe_map.htm
• The Schlieffen Plan was an attempt for Germany to
  wipe out France before focusing on Russia
• It called for a few quick knocks on France
• They would go through Belgium to do this

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Whats your problem man?????

• Great Britain was angry because Belgium was a
  neutral country
• Now Britain will get involved
• The war divided Europe in half

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The Chain Reaction
18
Now the war is on, who fought???

• Central Powers, were Germany and Austria and late
  the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
• Allies were Russia, Serbia, Great Britain and
  Later the US

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The battle begins

• The way to fight was with trenches
• Troops went back and forth firing at each other
• Whack a mole!!!!
• Stalemate was created which is a situation in
  which neither side is able to gain advantage

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Lets live in a trench

• Conditions were deplorable
• Filthy and muddy which caused trench foot
• Disease would spread
• Rodents and lice

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Section 2
22
What should we do???

• America heard about what had been going on in
  Europe
• However, we did not want to get involved
• We were sympathetic but remained neutral

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I am Kaiserhear me roar!!

• Kaiser Wilhelm was the emperor of Germany
• He offended people living in democratic countries
  because of the way he treated his people
• He killed civilians, destroyed libraries and
  cathedrals etc.

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Extra Extra read all about it!!!

• Many Americans heard about the war through
  British propaganda
• Information intended to sway public opinion and
  it spread throughout the United States

25
Warits good for us!

• America was the provider of many goods for almost
  all of Europe
• Our economy jumped from 700 million to 3.5
  billion
• BOOM BOOM BOOM

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We will not fight!

• To protect our profit we refused to get involved
  in war
• Many people felt this was selfish because our
  allies were losing a war
• National Security League- was set up to promote
  patriotic education and ultimately will cause the
  U.S. to get prepared for war

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Do you smell what I smell???

• Gas was a new weapon in WW I
• The French were actually the first to use it
  but
• Chlorine Gas- used a lot by the Germans
• Destroyed your respiratory organs
• Led to slow death by asphyxiation from coughing

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What is the weather Joe?

• Weather played a large part in using gas
• Wind played a role and the British and French
  learned fast
• Rain

29
Here it comeswhat do we do??

• Early methods of avoiding gas ingestion were
  gross!
• Urine??? YUK! WHY?
• Bicarbonate soda
• Later gas masks but sometimes ineffective

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Mustardthe other Gas

• Mustard gas was first used by Germans
• It was odorless
• Took 12 hours to take effect
• Skin would blister
• Vomit
• External bleeding
• Attacked mucous membrane
• Most soldiers strapped to their bed
• Once in soil remained active for weeks

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I feel itchy so itchy I feel itchy and scratchy
and gross!!!

• Not your average lice
• These buggers laid eggs in clothes and reacted to
  the body heat
• Left blotchy red marks
• Created a stale sour smell
• Caused trench fever

32
Wilson wins again!!

• Wilson ran the idea that we were still not in war
• In fact his slogan for the campaign was, He kept
  us out of war!

33
The first attack

• Germany utilized a strategy called USW or
  Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Surprise attacks and many thought it was
  uncivilized
• 1915, May 7th the Lusitania was bombed using USW
• 1,200 passengers were the boat and 128 were
  Americans

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Slap on the hand!!

• The U.S. was appalled
• Wilson demanded that USW end now
• Required financial payments to the victims
  families
• Germany refused stating that the U.S. was warned
  not to send people over in boats
• They later agreed they will warn ships first
  before firing

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Next strawnot breaking the camels back!!!

• U boats attacked the Sussex, a French passenger
  steamship
• 2 Americans
• Germany made the Sussex Pledge, which stated that
  Germany would warn ships before attacking
• Sound familiar????
• U.S. neutrality is weakening!!!

36
OOPS I did it again!!!

• Germany gets tired of the warning before attack
• They will test U.S. patience when they inform us
  that they will resume unrestricted submarine
  warfare

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Take a stand man!!!!!

• United States will respond by breaking off
  diplomatic ties with Germany
• They will begin to arm their merchant ships
• They will start giving large loans to the allies

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No YOU DIDNT!!!!!!

• Zimmerman, Germanys Foreign Minister will make
  an early attempt to take the United States down
• Sends a telegram to Mexico asking them to declare
  war on the United States and when they win they
  will give them back?

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Interception

• They will give back Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
• The note was intercepted by British Intelligence
• The United States still does not get involved in
  war!!!!

40
Mother RUSSIA

• by 1917 Russia had already lost 1.5 million and
  2.5 million were being held prisoner
• Revolutionaries overthrew Czar Nicholas II
• He was an autocrat, or someone who rules with
  unlimited power
• Communism took hold of the country led by Lenin
  and his Bolsheviks
• They decide to pull Russia out of war
• Why is this bad for the Allies????

41
FINALLY, we will have revenge!!!!

• Between the days of March 16 thru 18 Germany sank
  3 clearly identifiable U.S. ships
• City of Memphis
• Vigilancia
• Illinois
• Wilson asked for a declaration of war to make
  the world safe for democracy.
• Congress declares war on April 6, 1917

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Its On

• THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WAR

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Re Visit the Beginning

• What impact did the assassination of Archduke
  have on the United States?
• What is the significance of these dates
  1914-1918?
• Did the sinking of the Lusitania cause the United
  States to enter the war?

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ARE YOU READY TO RUMBLE?

• WE DECLARED WAR IN 1917
• READY IN SPIRIT BUT NOT IN MAN POWER
• LESS THAN 100,000 MEN IN UNIFORM
• OUTRANKED IN SIZE BY 16 OTHER COUNTRIES

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WHAT DO WE DO?

• BECAUSE WE WERE NOT READY WITH MEN WE SENT OVER
• OVER 3 BILLION DOLLARS
• ALLIES SAY THANKS BUT INSIST THEY NEED TROOPS

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THE MAN OF THE HOUR

• PERSHING WILL TAKE ON THE FIRST TASK
• HE WAS A VETRAN FROM THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
• SENT OVER TO EUROPE WITH 14,500 MEN TO BOOST THE
  MORALE OF THE ALLIES
• REALIZED HOW BAD IT WAS
• RECOMMENDED 1 MILLION TROUPS

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DO YOUR PATRIOTIC DUTY

• 1917 THE US WILL PASS THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT
• AUTHORIZED THE DRAFT OF YOUNG MEN
• IT WAS ACCEPTED BECAUSE PEOPLE THOUGHT IT WAS THE
  WAR TO END ALL OTHER WARS
• BY 1918 MORE THAN 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED FOR
  THE DRAFT
• 3 MILLION WOULD BE LOTTERIED

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SO WHO WAS DRAFTED

• AMERICAN EXPIDITIONARY FORCE- INCLUDED ALL THE
  DRAFTEES, NATIONAL GUARSDMEN AND WOMEN
• WOMEN? WHAT COULD THEY DO??
• MORE THAN 25,000 WOMEN WILL SERVE AS NURSES,
  DRIVERS AND CLERKS

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WE MUST TRAIN LIKE MEN, BUT HOW?

• WW I WAS THE FIRST TIME TROOPS WERE UP AGAINST
  GAS AND AUTOMATIC WEAPONS
• THEY LEARNED TO USE A BAYONET, RIFLE, DIG A
  TRENCH AND PUT ON A GAS MASK
• SUPPOSE TO TRAIN FOR SEVERAL MONTHS
• MOST GOT SENT EARLY

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SO HOW DID WE GET THERE??

• BECAUSE OF USW WE HAD TO BE CAREFUL TRAVELING
  OVERSEAS
• GERMANY HAD DESTROYED 400 SHIPS
• WE STARTED TRAVELING IN A CONVOY SYSTEM
• IT WAS A GROUP OF UNARMED SHIPS SURROUNDED BY A
  RING OF DESTROYERS, TORPEDO BOATS, AND OTHER
  NAVAL VESSELS ARMED WITH HYDROPHONES
• CASUALITIES WERE CUT IN HALF

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DOUGHBOY

• THE NICKNAME GIVEN TO THE AMERICAN TROOPS
• THOUGHT TO BE NAMED AFTER THE UNIFOMRS
• CIVIL WAR UNIFORMS HAD BIG BUTTONS ON THE JACKET
  OR THE BELT WAS WHITE
• http//www.aef-doughboys.com/photographs.html

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THE MAN OF THE HOUR AGAIN

• PERSHING HAD A PROBLEM
• HE WANTED TO KEEP US TROOPS AWAY FROM THE ALLIES
• HE WANTED TO REMAIN HEALTHY AND ON THE OFFENSIVE
  NOT THE DEFENSIVE

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WHO WERE THE SOLDIERS?

• MOST TROOPS ON THE FRONT LINES WERE WHITE
• BLACKS SERVED IN SEPARATE UNITS AND MOST NEVER
  SAW COMBAT
• MARINES REFUSED BLACK ENTRY
• ARMY AND NAVY USED THEM FOR MANUAL LABOR

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HARLEM HELL FIGHTERS

• MANY AFRICAN AMERICANS WANTED TO FIGHT WITH PRIDE
• SOME VOLUNTEERED FOR THE FRENCH WHO DID NOT
  PRACTICE RACISM

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SO WHAT ABOUT RUUUUSIIIA?

• LENIN LED HIS ARMY OF MEN CALLED THE BOLSHEVIKS
• HE LEAD THEM OUT OF WAR AND SIGNED A TRUCE WITH
  GERMANY IN DECEMBER
• GERMANY WOULD GAIN LAND AND THEY WOULD NO LONGER
  BE FIGHTING A TWO FRONT WAR
• MONEY FOR BAD GUYS BUT TERRIBLE FOR ALLIES

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GERMANY IS SLY AS A FOX

• GERMANY KNEW THE US WAS COMING
• THEY DECIDED TO MAKE ONE FINAL ATTACK ON THE
  BRITISH BEFORE THE US COULD ENFORCE
• THEY AIMED TO CAPTURE PARIS

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THE BATTLE

• THE BATTLE OF CHATEAU-THIERRY WAS A MAJOR BATTLE
  FOUGHT BY THE US, ALLIES AND GERMANY
• THE US IS ABLE TO SWOOP IN THE NICK OF TIME AND
  SAVE PARIS
• NOW THE US WILL RUN THE WAR
• THE KEY WEAPON IN THE WAR WAS THE TANK

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SECTION 3

• CHAPTER 19

59
THE WAR TURNS AROUND

• IT IS NO SECRET THAT THE US TURNED THE WAR AROUND
  WITH OUR INVOLVEMENT
• THINGS WERE MUCH DIFFERENT THAN THEY ARE TODAY
• THERE WERE ONLY 55 PLANES FOR THE US WHEN THEY
  ENTERED WAR AND THEY WERE PRIMITIVE
• MADE OF WOOD AND COVERED IN CLOTH WITH OPEN AIR
  COCK-PITS

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WHOS AN ACE?

• AN ACE PILOT WAS THE NICKNAME GIVEN TO A PILOT
  WHO ENGAGED IN DOG FIGTHING
• THEY BOASTED SHOOTING DOWN PLANES
• TO BE AN ACE YOU NEEDED TO HAVE SHOT DOWN A
  CERTAIN NUMBER
• GERMANS USED ZEPPELINS, WHICH WERE FLOATING
  AIRSHIPS USED FOR SPYING AND OBSERVATION
• http//www.jrroseenterprises.com/myweb/plane_pages
  /wwi_airplanes.htm
• http//www.earlyaviator.com/archive1.htm

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The War Ends, But Slowly!!!

• Even with US involvement WW I ended slowly
• The United States demanded total surrender from
  the Germans even before peace talks
• There were so many countries involved that it
  took a long time for everyone to agree on peace

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Oh where oh were is Kaiser Wilhelm?

• The Kaiser refused surrender even as he watched
  all his soldiers dying
• The soldiers took it upon themselves to end the
  war with a mutiny
• The Kaiser will flee to Holland
• On November 11th, 1918 a new government of
  Germany will sign an armistice, six hours later
  the guns will fall

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A new type of weapon!!

• Deadlier than the tanks and gas used in WW I was
  a strain of influenza brought over by the United
  States
• It disabled 500,000 troops
• The 2nd and 3rd strains were even deadlier
• Average of 100 people dying a day
• Grave diggers could not dig fast enough

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Results of WW I

• Physical and mental scars
• 50,000 Americans died
• More will die of disease
• Death toll for Europe was 8 million, estimate
  5,000 a day
• It will topple empires in Germany, Austria,
  Russia
• New nations will be formed from defeated nations

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Death Toll

• 50,000 Americans
• 1 million French
• 900,000 British
• 2 million Russian
• Civilians suffered as well as soldiers
• 20 million civilians will die of starvation and
  disease

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Ottoman Empire

• Will inflict a genocide
• An organized killing of entire people
• Against Armenians who were considered disloyal
• Hundreds of thousands were deported and murdered

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Section 4
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FORD FORD FORD FORD

• Henry Ford hated the idea of war
• At the beginning of the war he said he would burn
  down his factory before he would produce war
  goods
• 2 years later he will be mass producing tanks and
  tractors

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Our Economy

• War is expensive and the United States was not
  ready for the financial responsibility
• To raise money, they borrowed money from the
  public through Liberty bonds
• Special war bonds to support the war
• People took them and would redeem their regular
  cost later with interest

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How did they entice Americans

• Used Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts
• every scout to save a soldier
• 20 minute skits before a movie about patriotism
• War Industries Board, government converted
  industries from peace time to war time production
• Told industries what to make and how much to make
• They fixed prices on some things

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• Government regulated food and fuel with
  organizations that dealt with distribution and
  rationing
• Lever food and fuel control act- gave the
  President the power to manage the production and
  distribution of food and fuel vital to the war
  effort
• Price Controls, the government had the power to
  inflict prices on everything for the war effort
• Rationing, distributing goods to consumers in a
  fixed amount

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Tried not to force the issue

• Hoover, even with the power to do so did not use
  the power of price controls and rationing often
• Instead he hopes that people will voluntarily
  restrain from overindulging
• Day Light Savings Time, was started in WW I
• Why?

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No Freedom

• The press underwent censorship
• People were arrested for talking about the war in
  a negative way
• 100 Americanism, the United States was afraid of
  spies so they passed literacy tests for
  immigrants, there were native feelings
• Hate the Hun, was the saying for hating the
  Germans, we stopped teaching German, German books
  disappeared, renamed the burger and dog

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I SPYgtgtgtgt?gt

• Many people in the United States were afraid of
  spies
• Espionage Act made it illegal to interfere with
  the draft
• It was amended in 1918 to the Sedition Act, which
  made it illegal to obstruct in the sale of
  Liberty Bonds or discuss the United States in a
  negative way
• Many felt it violated the 1st amendment

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Those who disagree

• Many socialist felt that the war was simply
  imperialist country fighting for land and power
• IWW- Industrial Workers of the World was a labor
  group that wanted to overthrow capitalism
• Vigilantes, people who took the law into their
  own hands

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Social changes
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Section 5
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The war has ended..for Europe!!

• Wilson will propose the Fourteen Points
• End secret treatises, a key cause of war
• Remove trade barriers among nations
• Reduction of military forces

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Let us decide our own fate!!

• Austrias ethnic groups and Wilson called for
  self-determination, the power to make decisions
  for oneself about their future
• Many agreed with Wilsons plans for peace
  however, the almighty dollar was desired
• Many of the allies wanted land, money, etc. not
  just peace

80
Spoiled or Spoils?

• Wilson was embarrassed by the Allies response
• Wilson stated that he did not want the spoils of
  war
• In other words he did not want the rewards of
  winning a war
• He just wanted a permanent peace agency

81
League of Nations

• Wilsons idea
• An organization where nations of the world would
  join together to ensure safety for ALL members
• Needed to be okayed by the Senate
• When brought to Senate it was voted down based on
  Article 10, which stated members of the League of
  Nations would view an attack on one as an attack
  on all

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So many wanted justice

• Many of the Allies wanted to see the enemy buried
• Clemenceau was the French Premier
• He knew the League of Nations was weak and people
  wanted more
• He demands huge penalties to Germany
• Loss of land
• Embarrassment

83
Not a good idea

• Wilson knew it wasnt right
• His biggest defeat was giving into the demands of
  the other allies and going along with punishment
• They crippled Germany
• Made them financially responsible for the war
• 33 billion
• Germany never forgave the allies
• Reparations, payment made for economic injury
  suffered in war

84
The end of all ends???

• Treaty of Versailles, was the official end of the
  war for Europe
• Forced Germany to pay 33 billion in reparations
• Gave back land
• The United States did not sign the Treaty but
  instead ended the declared the war over on their
  own
• Afraid of being involved

85
Postwar America

• The United States became the largest creditor
  throughout the world
• Europe owed us 11.5 billion
• Women left their jobs and/or were fired to give
  men back the work
• African Americans were still discriminated
  against
• 116,000 soldiers killed