Airmanship Knowledge Learning Outcome 2 Rules of the Air

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Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 2Rules of
the Air
Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment
Revision 1.00
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Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 2Know the
basic principles of the Rules of the Air
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• Rules of the Air

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Rights of Way
Without the Highway Code the many thousands of
cars would find it impossible to move about
safely. There must be rules to govern the way
aircraft move about the sky so that accidents can
be avoided. They are called Right of Way
rules.
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Different for each type of aircraft
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Balloons
All types of aircraft must give way to balloons
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Gliders
Gliders have the right of way over both powered
aircraft and airships
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Airships
Airships must give way to both gliders and
balloons
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Powered Aircraft
Powered conventional aircraft must give way to
balloons, gliders and airships
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Approaching aircraft
When approaching head on, each aircraft must
alter course to the right
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Converging Aircraft
When on converging courses at the same height,
the aircraft which has the other on its Starboard
(Right) must give way
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Overtaking
When overtaking the aircraft being overtaken has
the right of way. The overtaking one must avoid
the other by turning Right.
NOTE If both are gliders the over-taker may turn
right or left.
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Landing
An aircraft landing or on final approach to land
has right of way over aircraft in flight or on
the ground. When two or more aircraft are
approaching to land, the lower one has right of
way Note unless the captain of the lower
aircraft becomes aware that one of the others has
an emergency.
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Aircraft on the ground
Aircraft and vehicles being taxied give way to
aircraft being towed. Vehicles not towing
aircraft give way to aircraft being taxied.
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Rules at Night

• At night it can be difficult for a pilot to see
  another aircraft - and when it is seen, its
  heading may still be unknown.

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Rules at night

• Most modern aircraft carry one or more flashing
  anti-collision lights so that they can be seen
  easily, and navigation lights.

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Powered Aircraft Navigation Lights

• Powered aircraft
• Port side (left) Red,
• Starboard side (right) Green,
• Rear White

110 degrees
140 degrees
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Glider Navigation Lights

• Gliders may carry the same type of lights as
  powered aircraft or this type

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Airship Navigation Lights

• Airships
• Moving Airship Stationary Airship

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Balloon Navigation Lights

• Balloons Carry a red light hung 9 metres below
  the basket

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Converging at Night
Converging if the Harrier (A) pilot looks out to
starboard and sees a RED light moving alongside
(B)
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Converging at Night
He knows that the other aircraft has right of way
and he must take action to avoid a collision
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Converging at Night
The Jaguar pilot (A) sees a GREEN light crossing
from port to starboard, and therefore knows that
the Hawk (B) should give way
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Converging at Night
The Jaguar pilot must, however, be aware that the
Hawk pilot might not have seen him and should
therefore be ready to take avoiding action if
necessary
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Staying alert
Use your eyes!! It is the responsibility of all
in the aircraft to check for hazards including
other aircraft
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Staying alert
Alert captain to position using Clock Code
system
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Staying alert
Indicate HIGH / LEVEL / LOW, relative to your
aircraft
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Airspace

• Used to safely control and manage Air Traffic
  Airspace is divided into classes, or functional
  areas.
• Some have strict rules on the conduct of flying
  within them they are termed Controlled
  Airspace.

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Airways System

• One important class is a network of imaginary
  tunnels in the air called AIRWAYS.
• These facilitate safe passage of large numbers of
  aircraft in congested airspace.

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Airways System
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Airways

• Any aircraft can use them providing
• The pilot has a valid instrument rating
• The aircraft is fitted with appropriate radio and
  navigational equipment
• The flight is made in accordance with the rules

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Features Of Airways

• They are between 10 and 20 nautical miles (18.5
  to 37km) wide
• Have Upper and Lower height limits
• As they approach airfields they do slope down to
  the ground to form airfield zones

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Features Of Airways

• The centre of an airway is marked by beacons
• Aircraft fly from beacon to beacon reporting to
  ATCC their position, time and height

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Clearance For Airways

• Clearance is always required for flights along
  airways
• Routes taken must be planned and submitted to
  ATCC before takeoff
• Contact with ATCC must be established before an
  aircraft can enter the airway

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Clearance For Airways

• Aircraft is tracked on radar, all through it
• It remains the pilots responsibility, to
  maintain planned tracks and timings

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Crossing Airways

• If an aircraft wishes to cross an airway there
  are 2 ways to do it
• If the base of the airway is above the ground,
  the aircraft can fly underneath with no
  permission needed.

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Crossing Airways

• If an aircraft wishes to cross an airway there
  are 2 ways to do it
• Flown through the airway, provided clearance and
  radar control is obtained.

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Questions?
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