Chapter 12 Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa

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Chapter 12 Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa
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Climate Zones of Africa

1. Tropical rainforests
2. Savanna grassy plains
3. Sahara desert
4. Mediterranean coast

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Climate Zones of Africa

• Tropical rainforests cover less than 5 of
  Africa

• Savanna largest and most populated zone

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Climate Zones of Africa

• Sahara the worlds largest desert
• Desertification ? Migration

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Climate Zones of Africa

• Mediterranean coast the tip of the Northern and
  Southern coasts of Africa
• Unlike the desert, the Mediterranean climate is
  ideal for farming.

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Bantu Migrations

• West African farmers and herders moved to the
  south and east between 500 and 1500 AD.
• Migrations contributed to the rich diversity of
  people and cultures
• They spoke a variety of languages that all came
  from the African root language, Bantu.

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Bantu Migrations
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Nile Kingdom of Nubia

• The ancient kingdom Nubia was formed on a wide
  band of fertile land along the Nile. Nubian
  rulers adopted many Egyptian traditions. They
  built palaces and pyramids modeled on Egyptian
  styles.

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Roman Influence on North Africa

• The Romans built roads, dams, aqueducts, and
  cities across North Africa.
• They imported lions and other fierce animals to
  do battle with the gladiators.

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The Gold-Salt Trade
West Africa
North Africa
SALT
GOLD
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The Gold-Salt Trade

• The camel changed the Saharan trade. For
  centuries trade was limited because the horses
  that transported the salt were not suitable to
  desert travel. However, about 300, the Berbers,
  an Arabic people of North Africa began using
  camels to carry their goods. When the caravans
  reached Ghana, merchants would pay one pound of
  gold dust for one pound of salt. Trade began to
  thrive.
• Now, more than 1,000 years later, salt
  trade still exists. As late as 1975, workers in
  Taghaza were living in salt huts and mining
  several thousand tons of salt per year. Small
  caravans of camels carrying salt still arrive in
  Timbuktu today.

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Kingdoms Of West Africa
Ghana, Mali and Songhai were among the richest of
the West African states. They dominated the
Sahara trade.
Two products that dominated the Sahara trade were
gold and salt. These commodities, or valuable
products, were plentiful.
Sahara Trade Routes
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Ghana Land of Gold

• In 800, the rulers of the Soninke people united
  many farming villages to create Ghana. The
  capitol of Ghana was Kumbi Saleh which was
  comprised of two separate towns.
• The king controlled the gold-salt trade routes
  across West Africa. Two streams of trade met in
  Ghana, where kings collected tolls on all goods
  entering or leaving his land.
• Muslim merchants brought their Islamic faith to
  Ghana. They also introduced their written
  language coinage, business methods, and
  architecture.

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Ghana Land of Gold
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Mali Islamic Empire

• In 1235, Sundiata founded the kingdom of Mali.
• The greatest emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa,
  expanded Malis borders and worked to keep peace.
  (mansa king)
• Mansa Musa converted to Islam and based his
  system of justice on the Quran. He actually
  fulfilled one of the five pillars of Islam by
  making the hajj.
• He formed diplomatic and economic ties with other
  Muslim states, increasing Malis renown.

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Mali Islamic Empire
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Songhai

• By 1450, Gao, a wealthy trading state became the
  capital of Songhai.
• Sonni Ali, made it the largest state to have
  ever existed in West Africa. He did not adopt the
  practices of Islam. Instead, he followed more
  traditional religious beliefs.
• After his death Askia Mohammed set up a Muslim
  dynasty and set up a bureaucracy. He also
  completed the hajj which improved his ties with
  the Muslim world.

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Songhai
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Trade Routes of East Africa
By 1000 A.D., port cities in Africa were thriving
from trade across the Indian ocean. Some of the
things that were produced in Africa that they
traded were ivory, rhinoceros horn, hides, and
gold. Some immediate affects from the trading
were that there was thriving commerce in
Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. There was also a
rise of strong East African city-states and a
rise of slave trade. There was also the
introduction of crops and animals from the Middle
East and Asia.
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The Stones of Great Zimbabwe

• To the south and inland from the coastal
  city-states, massive stone ruins sprawl across
  rocky hilltops near the great bend in the Limpopo
  River.
• These ruins are known as Great Zimbabwe. The
  builders of Great Zimbabwe were a group of
  Bantu-speaking people who settled in the region
  between 900 and 1500.

• The newcomers brought improved farming methods.
  They produced enough food to support a growing
  population.

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Economy and Government

• Scholars have suggested that the ruler of Great
  Zimbabwe was a god-king who presided over a large
  court. A central bureaucracy ruled an inner ring
  of province, while appointed governors had
  authority in more distant villages.

Zimbabwe reached its height in about 1300. By
then, it tapped nearby gold resources and created
profitable commercial links with coastal cities
like Sofala.
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African Arts

• African art was usually created in ivory, bronze,
  and wood. Jewelry and dyed cloth was used in
  African art often. Much art, though, served as
  social and religious purposes.

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Regents Questions

• The wealth and power of Malis ruler, mansa musa,
  were significant because they contributed to the
• Start of the crusades
  c) Spread of Islam
• Growth of European nationalism d)
  Rise of Arab nationalism

• 2) The spread of Islam into the kingdoms of Ghana
  and Mali resulted from
• Imperialism c)
  cultural diffusion
• Ethnocentrism d) self-
  determination

3) Which civilization best completes the heading
of the partial outline
____________ a)spread of Islam b)Gold and salt
trade c) Growth of Timbuktu d) Pilgrimage of
Mansa Musa

• Benin
• Mali
• Kush
• 4) Egyptian

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Regents Questions
4) Which description best characterizes the city
of Timbuktu

1. Port of the water route to east Asia
2. Major urban and industrial center on the Silk
   road
3. Commercial and cultural center of West Africa
4. Inland city of the Hanseatic league

5) Which economic activity was the basis for most
of the wealth and power of the West African
empires of Ghana and Mali

1. Hunting and gathering
2. Farming and cattle ranching
3. Trading in salt and gold
4. Working in bronze and brass

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Answers

1. c. the spread of Islam
2. c. cultural diffusion
3. c. Mali
4. c. commercial and cultural center of West Africa
5. c. trading in salt and gold