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• 21 The Nature of Matter
• A. Atoms
• B. Elements and Isotopes
• 1. Isotopes
• 2. Radioactive Isotopes
• C.Chemical Compounds
• D.Chemical Bonds
• 1. Ionic Bonds
• 2. Covalent Bonds
• 3. Van der Waals Forces

2
Atomic Structure
3
Isotopes of Carbon
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons
4
Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
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Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
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Ionic Bonding
7
Covalent Bonding
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• 22 Properties of Water
• A. The Water Molecule
• 1. Polarity
• 2. Hydrogen Bonds
• B. Solutions and Suspensions
• 1. Solutions
• 2. Suspensions
• C.Acids, Bases, and pH
• 1. The pH Scale
• 2. Acids
• 3. Bases
• 4. Buffers

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pH Scale
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
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NaCI Solution
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
11
NaCI Solution
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
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• 23 Carbon Compounds
• A. The Chemistry of Carbon
• B. Macromolecules
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Lipids
• E. Nucleic Acids
• F. Proteins

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Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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Carbon Compounds
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
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A Starch
Starch
Glucose
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Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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A Protein
Amino acids
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• 24 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• A. Chemical Reactions
• B. Energy in Reactions
• 1. Energy Changes
• 2. Activation Energy
• C.Enzymes
• D.Enzyme Action
• 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

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Effect of Enzymes
Reaction pathway without enzyme
Activation energy without enzyme
Activation energy with enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway with enzyme
Products
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Chemical Reactions
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Chemical Reactions
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Enzyme Action
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Enzyme Action
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Enzyme Action
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Enzyme Action
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Enzymatic Reactions
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Terms to know

• Dehydration synthesis forming a substance and
  using water (water is a product)
• Hydrolysis breaking down of substance and
  forming of water (water is a reactant)
• -lysis to break down