Objectives:

1
Objectives   Explain how two single cells
develop into complex body systems.   Recognized
signs of pregnancy.   Recognize the physical and
emotional changes a pregnant female experiences.
  Recognize the role hormones play during
pregnancy.   Explain fetal development from
conception through pregnancy.   Explain the
significance of genetics and its role in fetal
development.   Discuss the importance of
healthful living before and during
pregnancy.   Analyze how alcohol, tobacco, and
other drugs affect the fetus.   Explain the
importance of prenatal care and proper nutrition
for the baby and mother   Examine how technology
has impacted families by aiding in prenatal
diagnosis of certain conditions.   Define
labor.   Identify and explain the 3 stages of
labor.   Explain what occurs during each stage of
labor.   Identify various childbirth options and
trends.
2
Pregnancy Childbirth
Obstetrician OB A doctor who takes care of the
mother to be and delivers the baby no a stork
does not deliver a baby lol
3
Due Dates

• Expected delivery date (EDD)
• only an estimate - Only a small percentage of
  women actually deliver on their due date
• most babies are born between 38 and 42 weeks from
  the first day of their moms last menstrual
  period (LMP)
• EDD is calculated by identifying the womens LMP
• 40 weeks from the first day of the LMP
• If baby is delivered on the EDD the baby is
  actually only about 38 weeks old because the egg
  didn't become fertilized until about 2 weeks
  after the start of your last menstrual period .
  Remember ovulation is 14 days before
  menstruation.

4
Trimester

• Another common term you'll hear throughout a
  pregnancy is trimester.
• A pregnancy is divided into trimesters
• first trimester from week 1 to the end of week
  12, first 3 months
• second trimester from week 13 to the end of week
  26, second 3 months
• third trimester from week 27 to the end of the
  pregnancy, last 3 months

5
Pregnancy and Childbirth

• Fertilization the union of a single sperm and
  an ovum (egg).
• conception the beginning of pregnancy right
  at fertilization

6

• Stages of development
• Zygote a fertilized ovum (egg)
• Blastocyst a ball of cells with a cavity
• Embryo an implanted blastocyst from the time of
  implantation until about the 8th week of
  development

Fetus a developing baby from
the end of the eighth week until
birth.
7
Placenta a structure that forms along the
lining of the uterus that provides nourishment

• Amniotic Sac a fluid-filled sac that surrounds
• the embryo.
• Amniotic Fluid

8

• Umbilical Cord ropelike structure that connects
  the embryo to the mothers placenta. Through it,
  food and oxygen enter the babys blood stream and
  waste is removed

9

• Fetus a developing baby from the end of the
• eighth week until birth.

10

• Genes units of heredity that determine which
  traits, or characteristics off spring inherit
  from their parents.
• Examples
• Height
• Hair Color
• Skin Type
• Genetic Counseling process in which genetic
  histories of prospective parents are studied to
  determine the presence of certain hereditary
  diseases.

11
Who determines the sex of a child father,
(sperm), or mother, (egg)?
Father sperm

• Male xy Female xx
• Sperm has both x and y chromosomes
• Egg has only x chromosomes

12

• Birth Defects an abnormality in the structure
  or function of the body that is present at birth.
• Birth defects can be caused by abnormal
• genes or environmental factors.
• Environmental factorsthings in the
• mothers environment
• polluted air
• things the mother does while pregnant
• drinking, smoking, poor nutrition

13

• Prenatal Care care occurring or existing before
  birth.
• Prenatal care is for both the mother and the
  developing fetus.
• Dangers to the Fetus
• Tobacco
• babies born to females who smoke can have lower
  birth weight, heart and brain abnormalities and
  cleft lips and palates.

14
Dangers to the Fetus

• Alcohol
• Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy may
  develop fetal alcohol syndrome.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome a condition of physical,
  mental, and behavioral abnormalities that can
  result when a pregnant female drinks alcohol.
• Medications and Drugs
• All medications and supplements must be approved
  for use during pregnancy.

15
Dangers to the Fetus

• Caffeine
• Many women choose to avoid caffeine during
  pregnancy.
• Rubella
• Virus, which if a woman is exposed to during
  pregnancy can lead to birth defects.
• Other Dangers
• Exposure to radiation
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases

16

• Ultrasound a test that produces an image on a
  screen by reflecting sound waves off the bodys
  outer structures.
• Amniocentesis procedure that reveals
  chromosomal abnormalities and certain metabolic
  disorders in the fetus.

17

• Labor regular contractions of the uterus which
  open, dilate, the cervix that allow the baby and
  the placenta to be pushed out
• Contraction the tightening of a muscle. During
  labor the muscle that contracts is the uterus.
• also called labor pains.
• Dilation the process of opening. In labor the
  cervix dilates or opens
• to the size of 10 cm, about 4 inches in diameter
  to allow the baby to be pushed out of the uterus
  and into the vagina.

18
Stages of Labor

• Stage 1
• mild contractions begin
• cervix begins to dilate
• Stage 2
• stronger contractions
• cervix has opened to 10 cm, about 4 inches
• contractions push the baby through the cervix out
  of the mother
• Stage 3
• final stage of birth
• several more very strong contractions to push out
  the placenta

19
Episiotomy- an incision made in the perineum to
enlarge the opening for delivery of a baby
20
Types of Birth

• Cesarean Birth a method of childbirth in which
  a surgical incision is made through the abdominal
  wall and the uterus. The baby is lifted out
  through the surgical incision then the afterbirth
  is removed- afterbirth
• Breech birth buttocks or feet first
• Cephalic normal head first